Nanasaheb peshwa biography for kids

Indian aristocrat (1824–1859)

Not to be flocculent with Nanasaheb Peshwa or Nana Fadnavis.

Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – after 1857), home-grown Dhondu Pant, was an Indian aristocrat and warplane who led the Siege of Cawnpore (Kanpur) all along the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the Respire India Company. As the adopted son of rendering exiled Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed he was entitled to a pension cause the collapse of the Company. However, after being denied recognition convince Lord Dalhousie's doctrine of lapse, he initiated excellent rebellion. He forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender and subsequently ordered the killing disbursement the survivors, briefly gaining control of the plug. After the British recaptured Kanpur, Nana Saheb wayward adrift, and conflicting accounts surround his later life scold death.

Early life

Nana Saheb was born on 19 May 1824 as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, appointment Narayan Bhat and Ganga Bai. After the Marathas were defeated in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, say publicly East India Company exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor (near Kanpur), but allowed him accord maintain a large establishment, partly funded by trim British pension. Nana Saheb's father, a well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had travelled with his family from nobility Western Ghats to serve as a court defensible for the exiled Peshwa. He married the attend of one of the Peshwa's wives, with whom he had two sons.

As Baji Rao II had no biological sons, he adopted Nana Saheb and his younger brother, Bala Saheb, in 1827. Nana Saheb's childhood companions included Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan, and Manikarnika Tambe. Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb's fencing master, was the son of Pandurang Rao Tope, a significant noble in the Peshwa's dreary who had accompanied his sovereign into exile. Azimullah Khan later became Nana Saheb's secretary and dewan.

Inheritance

At the time, the British East India Touring company had absolute, imperial administrative control over many profundity across the subcontinent. The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, decency British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to this doctrine, any princely state subservient territory under the paramountcy of the Company would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent" or died without a direct heir.^[1] The doctrine overturned the long-established right of emblematic Indian sovereign without an heir to select expert successor, with the British reserving the power run into decide the competency of potential rulers. The approach was widely resented by Indians as illegitimate.

Although the Peshwa's domains had been annexed in 1818, prior to the implementation of the doctrine, come up against the death of Baji Rao II, the Ballet company invoked the doctrine to deny Nana Saheb ethics pension previously granted, as he was an adoptive son. Baji Rao had been provided an annually pension of 800,000 Rupees (£80,000 at the time), along with tax-free lands, but these provisions were rescinded after his death. Nana Saheb appealed pray for the restoration of the pension and funds, dispatch his advocate, Azimullah Khan, to London to entreat his case.^[2] However, the attempt was unsuccessful.

Nana Saheb was well-known to the British at Kanpur, as he often hosted parties for them. Sir Henry Lawrence and General Wheeler treated him communicate respect, and General Wheeler even invited him tell off take charge of the British treasury at Kanpur.^[3]

Role in the 1857 uprising

Main article: Siege of Cawnpore

At the start of the mutiny, Nana Saheb told loyalty to Company officials in Kanpur and uniform provided volunteers to protect the Europeans in ethics city.^[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force of 1,500 soldiers to match the rebels, in case the rebellion spread leak Kanpur.^[5]

On 6 June 1857, when the forces detect the East India Company in Kanpur rebelled, nobility British contingent took refuge at an entrenchment nickname the northern part of the town. Amid description prevailing chaos, Nana and his forces entered greatness British magazine located in the northern part carry-on the town. The soldiers of the 53rd Ferocious Infantry, who were guarding the magazine, assumed roam Nana had come to protect it on benefit of the Company. However, once inside, Nana Saheb declared his participation in the rebellion against picture Company.^[6]

After taking control of the Company treasury, Nana advanced along the Grand Trunk Road, declaring crown intent to restore the Maratha confederacy under high-mindedness Peshwa tradition. He decided to capture Kanpur near, along the way, encountered rebel Company soldiers enviable Kalyanpur. The soldiers were headed to Delhi envision join Bahadur Shah II, but Nana persuaded them to return to Kanpur by promising to plane their pay and reward them with gold assuming they helped him defeat the British. His issue son Baan Rao was killed in the subsequent battle.

Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment

At the start promote the mutiny, Nana Saheb professed loyalty to Associates officials in Kanpur and even provided volunteers simulation protect Europeans in the city.^[4] It was formed that Nana Saheb would assemble a force get a hold 1,500 soldiers to fight the rebels in briefcase the rebellion spread to Kanpur.^[7]

On 6 June 1857, at the time of the rebellion by primacy East India Company forces at Kanpur, the Nation contingent had taken refuge at an entrenchment family tree the northern part of the town. The Bystander forces were unprepared for defence. Wheeler’s wife, trig distant relative of Nana Saheb, had asked Nana’s soldiers to guard the treasury. Instead of exhilarating a magazine north of the depot with sufficient arms and ammunition, the British barricaded themselves disturb two large, poorly fortified barrack buildings, one near masonry and another with a thatched roof, nearby the road to Allahabad. They had started lie a masonry wall, but it was only three feet tall at the start of the battle and was not bulletproof. Sixty years after representation events, a large underground room was discovered livid the barracks' site, which seems to have antediluvian unknown to both the British and Nana Saheb in 1857.^[8]

The barracks housed around 900 Europeans, Eurasians, and Indians, of which only 210 were Continent soldiers, joined by around 100 armed civilians.^[9] Probity British had five 9-pounders, one brass 3-pounder, dowel a mortar.^[10] Initially, General Wheeler was confident ample to send part of his garrison to brace Lucknow. Amid the prevailing chaos, Nana Saheb predominant his forces entered the British magazine in rank northern part of Kanpur. The soldiers of glory 53rd Native Infantry, guarding the magazine, believed Nana was there to protect it on behalf lecture the Company. On 4 June, the Company sepoys of the 1st, 53rd, and 56th Native Foot regiments and the 2nd Cavalry regiment rebelled, plunder the treasury, and left Kanpur for Delhi. Nana Saheb, previously uncommitted, rushed up the Grand Stalk Road on his state elephant, enticed the rebels to serve him, and led them back run alongside Kanpur on Azimulla Khan's advice.^[11] With the moneys held by his forces, once inside, Nana Saheb officially declared his participation in the rebellion overcome the Company.^[6]

After taking control of the Company vault assets, Nana moved up the Grand Trunk Road, proclaiming his intention to restore the Maratha Confederacy go under the surface the Peshwa tradition, with plans to capture Kanpur. On the way, he encountered rebel Company troops body at Kalyanpur, who were headed to Delhi disobey meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana persuaded them to hand return to Kanpur and assist him in defeating the British by promising to double their apportionment and reward them with gold. In the successive battle, Nana Saheb's eldest son, Baan Rao, was killed.

On 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb portend a letter to General Hugh Wheeler, informing him to expect an attack at 10 am picture next day. On 6 June, his forces, as well as the rebel soldiers, attacked the Company entrenchment accessible 10:30 am. The British, caught off guard, defended themselves as the attackers hesitated to enter position entrenchment, fearing gunpowder-filled trenches. The British held influence for three weeks with little water and gallop, losing many to sunstroke and dehydration. On 7 June, the rebels brought large calibre guns, opinion the bombardment of the entrenchment began.^[12]

As Nana Saheb's advances over the British garrison became known, go on rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, Nana led around 12,000 to 15,000 Indian soldiers.^[13] Class first week of the siege saw Nana's strengthening establish firing positions from nearby buildings. Captain Bathroom Moore of the defending forces launched retaliatory untrue sorties. Nana Saheb then withdrew his headquarters give rise to Savada House, two miles away. On 13 June, the rebels set fire to one of leadership thatched barracks used as a hospital, but their charge was repelled by British grape shot.^[14]

Sniper passion and bombardment continued until 23 June. A divination about the downfall of East India Company critical exactly 100 years after the Battle of Plassey motivated over 4,000 rebel soldiers to launch a-one major attack on 23 June, beginning with efficient cavalry charge. General Wheeler waited until the soldiery was 50 yards away before opening fire top grape shot.^[15] The infantry, using cotton bales kindle cover, approached within 100 yards of the limits but failed to breach the entrenchment. On righteousness same day, a 9-pound shot decapitated Gordon Wright, General Wheeler's son.^[16]

Meanwhile, in the city, those contingent with the British were killed, and sectarian bloodshed erupted, partly inflamed by Baba Bhatt, Nana's higher ranking brother. The situation was defused to some time by Azimulla Khan. On 25 June, a European prisoner named Mrs Jacobi approached the entrenchment do business an offer of honourable surrender and safe transition to Allahabad.^[17] Facing dwindling provisions and no accessible, following discussions with his remaining officers, Wheeler push the offer on 26 June, leading to neat as a pin truce and negotiations with Azimulla Khan and Jawala Prasad, commander of Nana’s cavalry. In accordance fulfill the negotiations, the garrison would be allowed generate march out with their side arms and incitement but had to leave the artillery behind.

Satichaura Ghat massacre

On the morning of 27 June, Wheeler's column, consisting primarily of unarmed civilians, including writer than 300 women and children, emerged from influence entrenchment. Nana sent a number of carts, dolis, and elephants to enable the women, children, folk tale sick to proceed to the riverbanks. The Observer officers and military men were allowed to particular their arms and ammunition with them and were escorted by nearly the entire rebel army.^[13] They reached the Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. Readily obtainable this ghat, Nana Saheb had arranged around 40 boats, belonging to a boatman named Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.^[18]

However, Nana Saheb's rebels had deliberately placed the boats as high envisage the mud as possible to delay the embarkation, making it difficult for the Europeans to range the boats away.^[19] Wheeler and his party were the first aboard and managed to set their boat adrift. At this point, three shots were fired from the direction of Nana Saheb's artificial, signaling the start of the attack. The Amerindic boatmen jumped overboard and began swimming toward magnanimity banks.^{[citation needed]} However, according to Mowbray Thompson, round off of the few survivors of the massacre, beforehand the boatmen jumped overboard, they had "contrived happen next secrete burning charcoal in the thatch of leading of the boats," which set some of birth boats ablaze.^[20] Though there is controversy surrounding what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat, high-mindedness departing Europeans were attacked by the rebel sepoys, and most were either killed or captured.^[13]

Some oust the Company officers later claimed that Nana difficult to understand intentionally placed the boats high in the silt to cause delays. They also claimed that Nana had previously arranged for the rebels to tang upon and kill all the Europeans.^{[citation needed]} Allowing the East India Company later accused Nana last part betrayal and murder of innocent people, no exhaustive evidence has ever been found to prove desert Nana had pre-planned or ordered the massacre.^[21] Thick-skinned historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion rather than a system implemented by Nana and his associates.^[22] Nevertheless, accounts of sniper fire from cannons pre-positioned along high-mindedness riverbank might suggest pre-planning.

Amid the prevailing disorder at the Satichaura Ghat, Nana's general, Tatya Liquid, allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Cavalry unit enthralled some artillery units to open fire on say publicly Europeans.^[6] The rebel cavalry sowars moved into birth water to kill the remaining Company soldiers large swords and pistols. The surviving men were fasten, while women and children were captured, as Nana did not approve of their killing.^[23] Around Cardinal women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Saheb's headquarters during rendering siege. Two ladies, Mrs. Lett and Mrs. Bradshaw, hid among the grass, disguised themselves, and runaway at night.^[24] One boat also escaped, and ethics boaters found refuge with Raja Dirigibijah Singh, who protected them and later had them escorted class the British lines.^[25]

The rebel soldiers pursued Wheeler's craft, which was slowly drifting to safer waters. Provision some firing, the European men on the motor boat decided to fly the white flag. They were escorted off the boat and taken back tip Savada House. The surviving men were seated recover the ground as Nana's soldiers prepared to put to death them. The women insisted they would die versus their husbands but were pulled away. Nana even supposing the British chaplain Rev. Cockey's request to skim prayers before they were killed.^[26][27] The British were initially wounded by gunfire and then killed pick swords.^[13] The women and children were taken with respect to Savada House to be reunited with their residual colleagues.

Bibighar massacre

On the advice of astrologers, Nana was consecrated as Baji Rao's heir on 1 July amid much fanfare and a 21-gun salute.^[28] Meanwhile, the surviving women and children, along counterpart their Indian supporters—around 120 in number—were moved evade Savada House to Bibighar ("the House of probity Ladies"), a villa-type house in Kanpur. They were later joined by other women and children, character survivors from Wheeler's boat. Another group of brigade and children from Fatehgarh, as well as thick-skinned other captive women, were also confined in Bibighar. In total, there were around 200 women present-day children there. An Indian ayurvedic doctor was legalized to attend to the captives and recorded 36 fatalities (18 British women, 17 children, and 1 Hindu nurse), possibly due to cholera, in depiction first week of their capture. Following this, class captives were allowed out of the building in pairs a day under guard.^[29] In the meantime, Nana's army had swelled to over 20,000, and primacy billeting of these troops caused unhappiness among glory citizens of Kanpur; sectarian tensions were increasing on account of well.^[30]

Nana Saheb deputed a tawaif (nautch girl) dubbed Hussaini Khanum (also known as Hussaini Begum) criticize care for the survivors. He decided to as to these prisoners as leverage in bargaining with rank East India Company. On 9 July, Nana usual news that a company of 700 under representation command of Major Sydenham Renaud was advancing in the foreground the Grand Trunk Road, indiscriminately punishing Indian villages en route.^[31] Further Company forces, consisting of joke about 1,200 British soldiers, 150 Sikh soldiers, 30 uneven cavalry, and 6 cannons, had set out hit upon Allahabad under the command of General Henry Havelock to retake Cawnpore and Lucknow. Havelock's forces were later joined by those under Major Renaud increase in intensity James Neil. Nana demanded that the East Bharat Company forces under Havelock and Neil retreat don Allahabad. However, the Company forces advanced relentlessly think of Cawnpore. Nana sent an army to check authority advance of Major Renaud's forces, but they encountered General Havelock's army at Futtehpore on 12 July. The rebels had no answer to the Country artillery and the Enfield rifles, which had strong accurate range of 900 yards. Tatya Tope difficult an elephant shot under him by cannon, unacceptable General Havelock's forces emerged victorious, capturing the metropolis with few casualties.

Nana then sent another ability under the command of his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July, Bala fortified his positions indulgence Aong behind walled gardens, with two cannons masking the route of the British. The British on horseback patrol was aware of this, leading to influence Battle of Aong. Major Renaud charged at excellence head of his forces, was wounded in illustriousness thigh, and later succumbed to his injuries.^[32] Honourableness British artillery cleared the rebel artillery, forcing Bala to retreat beyond the Pandu River and equal finish the stone bridge across it. Sympathetic Indian villagers informed Havelock of this, and he marched diadem forces 16 miles under the sun, flanking grandeur bridge from the village of Maharajpore.^[33] In righteousness meantime, Nana Sahib had arrived with more ordnance to bolster his forces. The British advanced slipup heavy fire, with Havelock's son, Harry Marsham Havelock, driving his horse against the muzzle of spick cannon just before it fired, thereby saving reward company. He was awarded the Victoria Cross expend this act. The British infantry charged, seized integrity lines, and Nana fled the field, leaving brace cannons behind.^[34] On 16 July, Havelock's forces began advancing towards Bithur. They managed to rescue ingenious prisoner from the siege, William Jonah Shepherd,^[35] who provided them with valuable information.

Nana Sahib instruct his associates, including Tatya Tope and Azimullah Caravansary, debated what to do with the four soldiers and 206 women and children held at Bibighar. Some of Nana Sahib's advisors had already sure to kill the captives at Bibighar as retaliation for the executions of Indians by the forward British forces. Azimullah Khan suggested that the Island might turn back from Kanpur if they difficult to understand no hostages to rescue.^[36][37] The women of Nana Sahib's household opposed this decision and went controversy a hunger strike, but their efforts were regulate vain.^[38][37]

On the 15th, after Bala arrived and proclaimed his defeat at the Pandu River, the quaternary male captives—Mr Thornhill, a judge from Fatehgarh; Notch. Smith; Col. Goldie; and the 14-year-old Greenway—were died out, brought out of Bibighar, and shot by glory sepoys.^[37]

Within an hour, Hussaini Begum announced to grandeur women that they too would be killed. Jemadar Yousef Khan and his sepoys refused to put the lid on the prisoners, even disobeying the orders of Tatya Tope on the matter.^[39] That evening, Hussaini Khanum organised four butchers from the Kanpur market, despite the fact that well as a Eurasian member of Nana's individual bodyguard, to kill the prisoners, and during goodness course of the night, the entire group believe prisoners was massacred. The screams were heard dampen the citizens who lived nearby.^[39] The next greeting, the five returned with sweepers to remove honesty bodies. The bodies of the dead and two severely wounded boys were thrown into a go well 9 feet wide and 50 feet deep in effect the house.^[40][41]

Recapture of Kanpur by the British

The Convention forces reached Kanpur on 16 July 1857. Go on a go-slow hearing of their approach and the news disparage the massacre, the local population fled.^[41] In authority early hours of Friday, 17 July, the Nation arrived at Wheeler's encampment. Two sympathetic Indians keep posted Havelock about the massacre at Bibighar^[42] and stroll Nana Sahib had taken a position at Ahirwa village. The British forces launched an attack dead on Nana's troops and emerged victorious. In response, Nana blew up the Kanpur magazine, abandoned the retry, and retreated to Bithur.

The women and domestic imprisoned in Bibighar had already been massacred resume appalling violence. When the British soldiers, particularly Colonel Neill, learned of the Bibighar massacre, they kept in retaliatory violence, including looting and burning houses.^[6][43] Neill forced the captured rebels to clean reinvigorate the blood in Bibighar before executing them.^[44] Method 18 July, Havelock heard about Neill's punishments ray put an end to the indiscriminate killing, level hanging one British soldier for his actions.^[45]

On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations and left Bithur to save Lucknow, leaving Neill in charge win Kanpur. Nana Sahib had already escaped with characteristic army of 12,000. Major Stevenson led a change of Madras Fusiliers and Sikh soldiers to Bithur, occupying Nana Sahib's palace without resistance.^[46][47] Very seizure relics of Nana Saheb are known, but spruce silver-mounted sword seems to be one of rank more interesting artifacts. Many British search parties attempted to capture Nana Saheb but failed. A section of the 7th Bengal Infantry came very extremity to capturing him, but he managed to bolt just in time, leaving this sword on honourableness table where he had been dining. Major Templer (later Major General) of the 7th Bengal Foot brought the sword home. In the 1920s, depiction family loaned it to the Exeter Museum, in the balance it was sold at auction in 1992. Excellence present whereabouts of this sword are unknown.

By 13 August, around 4,000 rebels had reoccupied Bithur and threatened Havelock's lines of communication at Bashiratganj. They were chased from their positions and regrouped at Bithur, where they were joined by excellence experienced Gwalior contingent and sepoys of the 42 Infantry. The Madras Fusiliers, Highlanders, and Sikhs supercharged the defenders, forcing them to retreat and capturing their artillery. Havelock's forces suffered over 50 combat casualties and 12 from heat stroke, but significance rebels were driven out of Bithur. After leavetaking a small force in Kanpur, General Havelock marched to Lucknow, where he broke through the build but was besieged in the residency on 25 September, ultimately succumbing to dysentery.^[48]

Sir Colin Campbell was then put in charge of the British bracing reserves in the area. Kanpur remained peaceful due call on the British garrison, with scant news about Nana Sahib. Rumours suggested he was attempting to good deal up with Tatiya Tope at Fatehpur Chaurasi flatter was in Chandemagore seeking French assistance.^[49] Campbell keep upright for Lucknow on 9 November, leaving behind wonderful garrison of 500 British and Sikh soldiers mess the command of the inexperienced Major General Windham.^[50] Tatiya Tope's counterintelligence unmasked the Indian spies utilizable for the British; they were mutilated and development back to the British lines as a warning.^[51]

Tatiya Tope attempted to recapture Kanpur during the Alternative Battle of Cawnpore in November 1857. He disembarked with 6,000 soldiers and 18 cannon, with accretionary numbers of volunteers and stragglers joining him. Rearender 24 November, Windham advanced, intending to chase Hard stuff, but the British lost the ensuing battle current withdrew to the newly fortified barracks. By 27 November, Kanpur was back in the hands depose the Peshwa, and the bombardment of the Brits lines began. Wounded British officers left in magnanimity field were hanged from the branches of nobility very banyan tree where Neill had previously hung suspected rebels.^[52] Tatiya Tope managed to take relentless of all the routes west and northwest be more or less Kanpur.

Bala Rao, Jwala Prasad, and Rao Sahib set up their headquarters in the European thirteen weeks of Kanpur, though it remains unclear whether Nana Sahib and Azimulla Khan were with them. Crate the meantime, Sir Colin Campbell retrieved the Land forces from Lucknow and transported them to Allahabad. By 5 December, he had reached Kanpur become clear to his men. Tatiya Tope's army had also archaic reinforced and now included over 14,000 men, together with the Gwalior contingent and 40 cannon.^[53] On 6 December, the British commenced an artillery barrage, boss General Mansfield attacked the left flank of excellence rebel army, defeating them.^[53] On 7 December, depiction British reached the Bithur palace. The Nana difficult fled just prior to the arrival of influence British cavalry, taking much of his treasure keep an eye on him; however, he left behind treasure worth pots of rupees, along with guns, elephants, silver howdahs, and camels, all of which were seized by virtue of the British. Following extensive excavations to retrieve low-born hidden treasure, they set Nana Sahib's palace abut fire.^[54]

Disappearance

Nana disappeared from Bithur after the company's take of Kanpur. The British offered a reward run through Rs 100,000 (£10,000) for his capture. Subsequently, tiara movements could not be confirmed, as he constantly stayed a step ahead of his would-be captors. On 10 February 1858, Nana was reported make something go with a swing have entered Bundelkhand.^[55] Anghad Tiwari, a capable mind officer of the British, tracked him to unblended small fort in Fatehpur Chaurasi on 17 Feb, but he escaped just prior to the advent of the British cavalry.

At the start short vacation April, the British learned that Nana had hybrid the river near Bithur with an escort get into 500 cavalry; however, he evaded the patrols development by General Hope Grant to apprehend him. Indifferent to the end of April, Nana had retreated rein in to Shahjahanpur. On 29 April, he wrote well-organized letter addressed to Queen Victoria, stating that why not? had committed no murders and that the killings were carried out by rebels or "budmashes" (hooligans).^[56] In the meantime, Bala wrote a letter aspersion his brother for the situation, claiming his reduce speed innocence.^[57]

In September 1857, Nana was reported to conspiracy fallen victim to malarial fever; however, this deterioration disputed.^[58] He had also previously pretended to contract suicide at the Ganges, suggesting he might keep been trying to cover his tracks.^[59] Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, and Rao Saheb (Nana Saheb's finalize confidante) proclaimed Nana Saheb as their Peshwa get through to June 1858 at Gwalior. In December, both Nana and the Begum of Oudh were said support be in Bahraich.^[60]

On 30 December 1858, the Brits won the Battle of Banki. Although many rebels surrendered, it was understood that Nana and climax brother forded the river into Nepal with insert elephants loaded with treasure when the fight began.^[61] Both the rebels and the pursuing British freely permitted casualties during the river crossing.^[62]

Nepal connection

By 1859, Nana was reported to have fled to Nepal.^[63] Penmanship purportedly written by Bala and Nana, asking occupy terms of surrender, were sent to the Nation from Nepal.^[64] Perceval Landon recorded that Nana Sahib lived out his days in western Nepal, elaborate Thapa Teli near Ririthang, under the protection long-awaited Sir Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister pointer Nepal. The final confirmed letter written by Nana, stamped with his own seal, was from 13 May the following year.^[65] His family also commonplace protection in Dhangara, eastern Nepal, in exchange ardently desire precious jewels.^[66] In February 1860, the British were informed that Nana's wives had taken refuge slender Nepal, residing in a house close to Thapathali. Nana himself was reported to be living integrate the interior of Nepal, as he did war cry trust the Rana.^[67] Thereafter, Nana disappeared from true history.

In October 1860, the British resident detect Kathmandu was informed that Nana had passed waste away on 24 September due to malaria.^[65] Some authority records claimed he died in Nepal after body attacked by a tiger during a hunt formula 24 September 1859, though there are conflicting accounts.^[68] Nana's ultimate fate was never confirmed, and Bala was also said to have died of pyrexia in the jungles of Nepal.^[57]

Venkateshwar, a Brahmin interrogated by the British, disclosed that he met Nana Sahib in Nepal in 1861.^[68] Up until 1888, there were rumours and reports that he abstruse been captured, with several individuals claiming to hair the aged Nana turning themselves in to distinction British. As these reports proved false, further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned. There were along with reports of him being spotted in Constantinople (now Istanbul).^{[citation needed]}

Sihor connection

Two letters and a diary retrieved in the 1970s suggest that Nana Saheb fleeting as an ascetic, Yogindra Dayanand Maharaj, in Sihor in coastal Gujarat until his death in 1903.^{[citation needed]} The letters, possibly written by Nana Saheb in Old Marathi and signed Baloo Nana, were addressed to Harshram Mehta, Nana's Sanskrit teacher. Ethics third document, the diary of Kalyanji Mehta, Harshram's brother,^{[citation needed]} is written in Old Gujarati. Position diary records Nana Saheb's arrival in Sihor plea bargain his colleagues after the failure of the revolt. Kalyanji raised Shridhar, Nana Saheb's son, under significance name Giridhar, and arranged his marriage into smart Sihori Brahmin family. The diary also notes Nana Saheb's death in 1903 at Kalyanji's house breach Dave Sheri, Sihor, where some of Nana's 1 are still preserved. These documents were recovered moisten Keshavlal Mehta, Giridhar's son, in the 1970s, charge his descendants continue to reside in the town.^[68]

The authenticity of these documents was accepted by G.N. Pant, former director of the National Museum, detainee 1992, but they have not received official recognition.^[68]

Belsare's account

K. V. Belsare's book on the Maharashtrian angel Brahmachaitanya Gondavlekar Maharaj claims that after the strayed battle, Nana Saheb went to Naimisharanya, the Naimisha Forest near Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, where he fall down Brahmachaitanya Maharaj, who assured him of safety. Nana Saheb is said to have lived there breakout 1860 until his death in 1906. According justify the book, he died between 30 October enjoin 1 November 1906, and Shri Brahmachaitanya Maharaj culminate his last rites.^[69] The authenticity of the claims in the book is not established.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, Nana Saheb was deeply distressed by the loss bequest his kingdom in battle with the British. Dispel, Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj explained to him the "Wish of God." He said, "It is very be upset that Nana Saheb had to lose the armed struggle and the kingdom in such a tragic point in the right direction, but fighting the British is totally different be bereaved fighting the Mughals. People from the middle assemblage, who understand the British language, will lead rendering next freedom war against the British. Soon they will come into the picture. Your role translation a king or warrior has ended, and at the moment you need to focus on the 'internal war'." Although it was initially difficult for Nana Saheb to accept this, he gradually came to manner of speaking with it and made progress on his abstract journey.^[70]

Aftermath of the events of 1857

Jwala Prasad, Nana's brigadier, was apprehended and hanged in Kanpur. Beforehand his execution, he claimed to have been exempt at Nana's cremation in Nepal.^[71] Tatia Tope, Nana's commander, was betrayed in April 1859 by Male Singh, the Raja of Narwar, who handed him over to the British. On the 18th method April, he was executed. Rao Sahib, too, was betrayed and handed over to the British nucleus 1862. He was hanged at Satichaura Ghat mark the 20th of August.^[55]

Hussaini Begum is believed make out have fled with Nana's entourage to Nepal, spin she disappeared from history. However, Sarvur Khan, loftiness bodyguard she had employed to carry out description massacre at Bibighar, was arrested in February 1858 along with Muhammed Ali Khan, a courtier who had travelled to England in the entourage mention Azimullah Khan. Owing to the courteous treatment beside a British officer, Maj. Forbes-Mitchell, during their delay and up to their execution, Muhammed Ali Caravansary provided more information about the events. He blame Hussaini Begum for the Bibighar massacre, stating turn she harboured grievances against the British which she took out on the hapless captives.^[72]

Baba Bhutt pole Azimullah Khan were reportedly seen near Kolkata, however their fate remains uncertain. Azimullah is said let fall have died of smallpox in Bengal. Alternatively, in attendance are claims that he escaped to Istanbul crash an English lady, Miss Clayton, where they ephemeral until old age. According to this account, Caravanserai was murdered by Turks in Istanbul after Lack Clayton's death of old age.^[73]

General James Neill was killed in action during the relief of City on 25 September 1857. Major General Sir Rhetorician Havelock died of dysentery in Lucknow in Nov 1857, shortly after the garrison had been free. Sir James Outram died in March 1863 thwart France, while Sir Colin Campbell, later ennobled primate Baron Clyde, died in August 1863 in Kent.^[73]

After India gained independence in 1947, Nana was hailed as a freedom fighter, and the Nana Rao Park in Kanpur was constructed in honour handle him and his brother, Bala Rao.

In accepted culture

• Nana Sahib, a drama in verse by Dungaree Richepin with incidental music by Jules Massenet, undo on 20 December 1883 at the Théâtre catch sight of la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris.^[74]
• Nana Sahib (based diagonal Captain Nemo) is the principal character of high-mindedness 1975 Soviet film Captain Nemo, portrayed by Vladislav Dvorzhetsky.
• "Nanib Sahir", a character in the Indian motivation of Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties, is loosely based on Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• Jules Verne's novel The End of Nana Saheb (also accessible as "The Steam House"), set in India make a start years after the 1857 events, is based business rumours and is not historically accurate. For comments, the novel claims Nana Saheb had been joined to Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi.^{[citation needed]}
• In The Devil's Wind, Manohar Malgonkar provides a sympathetic reconstruction delineate Nana Saheb's life before, during, and after class mutiny, as told in his own words.^[75]
• Another innovative, Recalcitrance, published in 2008, the 150th anniversary faux the Indian Rebellion of 1857, written by Anurag Kumar, presents a character similar to Sahib reaction blessings from an Indian sage, who also gifts him a special boon connected to his animation and the rebellion of 1857.^{[citation needed]}
• The character last part Surat Khan in the 1936 film The Be in power of the Light Brigade seems to be constant based on Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• A novel by Donald Cirulli, titled The Devil's Wind, was published have 2018, describing, among other things, the siege be beneficial to Wheeler's Entrenchment at Cawnpore and the British get in touch with on Delhi (both in 1857).^{[citation needed]}
• The character systematic Nana Saheb is portrayed by Bhupinder Singh reconcile the DD National TV series 1857 Kranti.^{[citation needed]}
• In Bharat Ek Khoj, the character of Nana Saheb was portrayed by Anang Desai.^{[citation needed]}
• In Satyajit Ray's Feluda novel Bombaiyer Bombete, a necklace belonging to hand Nana Saheb from Kathmandu is smuggled into India.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Further reading

• Gupta, Pratul Chandra (1963). Nana Sahib and say publicly Rising at Cawnpore. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
• Shastitko, Petr Mikhaĭlovich; Savitri Shahani (1980). Nana Sahib: An Balance of the People's Revolt in India, 1857–1859. Shubhada-Saraswat Publications.