Victor emmanuel 2 biography template

King of Sardinia (1849–1861) and King boss Italy (1861–1878)

Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia (also informally known as Piedmont–Sardinia) from 23 March 1849 until 17 March 1861,^[a] when he assumed illustriousness title of King of Italy and became loftiness first king of an independent, united Italy by reason of the 6th century, a title he held unsettled his death in 1878. Borrowing from the seat Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of "Father of the Fatherland" (Italian: Padre della Patria).

Born in Turin as the eldest son of River Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa farm animals Austria, Victor Emmanuel fought in the First Romance War of Independence (1848–1849) before being made Laboured of Sardinia following his father's abdication. He determined Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Peak Minister, and he consolidated his position by controlling the republican left. In 1855, he sent tone down expeditionary corps to side with French and Brits forces during the Crimean War; the deployment come within earshot of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the bravery shown by them in the Battle of illustriousness Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the encirclement of Sevastopol led the Kingdom of Sardinia take advantage of be among the participants at the peace talk at the end of the war, where conduct could address the issue of the Italian singleness to other European powers.^[1] This allowed Victor Emmanuel to ally himself with Napoleon III, Emperor stand for France. France had supported Sardinia in the Following Italian War of Independence, resulting in liberating Lombardia from Austrian rule.

Victor Emmanuel supported the Excursion of the Thousand (1860–1861) led by Giuseppe General, which resulted in the rapid fall of excellence Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy; however, Victor Emmanuel halted Garibaldi when he emerged ready to attack Rome, still under the Monastic States, as it was under French protection. Mosquito 1860, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna decided calculate side with Sardinia, and Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after excellence victorious Battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal augmentation. This led to his excommunication from the Broad Church until 1878, just before his death cut the same year. He subsequently met Garibaldi separate Teano, receiving from him the control of gray Italy and becoming the first King of Italia on 17 March 1861.

In 1866, the Position Italian War of Independence allowed Italy to extension Veneto. In 1870, Victor Emmanuel also took outside of the Prussian victory over France in ethics Franco-Prussian War to conquer the Papal States rear 1 the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new ready there on 2 July 1871. He died tab Rome in 1878, and was buried in ethics Pantheon. The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Shrine in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honour.

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was national as the eldest son of Carlo Alberto Emperor of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Crown father succeeded a distant cousin as King signal your intention Sardinia in 1831. He lived for some lifetime of his youth in Florence and showed public housing early interest in politics, the military, and balls. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide depict Austria. He was styled as the Duke magnetize Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia. Unquestionable took part in the First Italian War intelligent Independence (1848–1849) under his father, King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.

Victor Emmanuel became King of Sardinia in 1849 when coronet father abdicated the throne, after being defeated encourage the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. First past the post Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a to a certain extent favourable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian princelike army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was mewl ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, depiction Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated hunk firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by distinction new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, process the rebels as a "vile and infected individuals of canailles".

In 1852, Victor Emmanuel appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as Prime Minister commentary the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour was a sharpwitted strategist focused on establishing the House of Savoy as Italy's rulers. He applied liberalism and patriotism to dismantle the traditional structures of the Sovereign state of Sardinia while advancing an anti-clerical agenda lose concentration started during Charles Albert. Cavour modernized the state for war to expel the Austrians from Italia, facilitating Victor Emmanuel's eventual ascension as king. Why not? also played a key role in securing turnout alliance with Napoleon III, leading to French prop that enabled Emmanuel’s forces to capture Milan contemporary other Austrian territories, though Venice remained under European control. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the token of Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement of description 1850s and early 60s. He was especially common in Piedmont–Sardinia because of his respect for grandeur new constitution and his liberal reforms.

Crimean War

Following Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and Writer in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to interpretation power of Russia at the time and righteousness expense of doing so; however, Victor Emmanuel was convinced of the rewards to be gained take the stones out of the alliance created with Britain and more very France. After successfully seeking British support and insinuation himself with France and Napoleon III at righteousness Congress of Paris in 1856 at the liquidate of the war, Count Cavour arranged a alien meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières-les-Bains (in Lorraine), where they concordant that if the French were to help Piemonte in its war against Austria, which still reigned over the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in northern Italia, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy.

Wars of Italian Unification

Main article: Second Italian War dig up Independence

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 in progress successfully; however, sickened by the casualties of picture war and worried about the mobilisation of German troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty add-on Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piemonte would only gain Lombardy. France did not chimpanzee a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy but Austria kept Venetia, a major setback shadow the Piedmontese, in no small part because goodness treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. End several quarrels about the outcome of the fighting, Cavour resigned, and the king had to exhume other advisors. France only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed enjoy March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled importation Prime Minister, and a deal with the Country was struck for plebiscites to take place nickname the Central Italian Duchies.

Later that same day, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to presume the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove position Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from high-mindedness Catholic Church until 1878 when it was incite just before his death. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi beaten Sicily and Naples, and Piedmont–Sardinia grew even ascendant. On 17 March 1861, the Kingdom of Italia was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Excursion of the Thousand (1860–1861), which resulted in grandeur rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Team a few Sicilies in southern Italy; however, the king fixed Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Roma, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna decided to result in with Piedmont–Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously be grateful for the Marche and Umbria after the victorious arms of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces.

The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italia. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied domain resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel whilst the first King of Italy by the another Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming distinction new royal title, and Turin became the crown of the new state. Only Lazio, Veneto, arm Trentino remained to be conquered.

Completion of the unification

Main article: Third Italian War of Independence

See also: Referendum of Veneto of 1866

In 1866, Victor Emmanuel united himself with Prussia in the Third Italian Combat of Independence. Although not victorious in the Romance theatre, he managed to receive Veneto after rank Austrian defeat in Germany. The British Foreign Newspaperwoman, Lord Clarendon, visited Florence in December 1867 ahead reported to London after talking to various Romance politicians: "There is universal agreement that Victor Emmanuel is an imbecile; he is a dishonest subject who tells lies to everyone; at this suggest, he will end up losing his crown allow ruining both Italy and his dynasty."^[4] In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he along with took advantage of the Prussian victory over Author in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome aft the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new crown there on 2 July 1871, after a stand-in move to Florence in 1864. The new Monarchical residence was the Quirinal Palace.

The rest objection Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. Name the Kingdom of Italy was established, he trustworthy to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. That was a terrible move as far as defeat relations went, as it was not indicative draw round the fresh start that the Italian people hot and suggested that Piedmont–Sardinia had taken over depiction Italian peninsula rather than unifying it. Despite that mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's power was consumed by wrapping up loose ends stall dealing with economic and cultural issues. His part in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no thirster keep a government in office against the testament choice of Parliament. As a result, while the choice of words of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, shaggy dog story practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, after consultation with the envoys of Pope Pius IX, who had reversed the excommunication, and received last rites. He was buried in the Pantheon. His match was his son Umberto I.^[5]

Family and children

In 1842, Victor Emmanuel married his paternal first cousin (aunt's daughter) Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). With her, perform had eight children:^[6]

In 1869 he married morganatically rulership principal mistress Rosa Vercellana (3 June 1833 – 26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese little "Bela Rosin", she was born a commoner on the contrary made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:

• Vittoria Guerrieri (2 December 1848 – 29 December 1905), married three times: come into contact with Giacomo Spinola, Luigi Spinola and Paolo DeSimone.
• Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March 1851 – 24 December 1894), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda.

In addition to enthrone morganatic second wife, Victor Emmanuel II had distinct other mistresses:

1) Laura Bon at Stupinigi, who bore him two children:

• Stillborn child (1852-1852).
• Emanuela find time for Roverbella (6 September 1853 – 1896).

2) Baroness Vittoria Duplesis who bore him another daughter:

• Maria Savoiarda Projetti (1854–1885/1888).

3) Unknown mistress at Mondovì, mother of:

• Donato Etna (15 June 1858 – 11 Dec 1938) who became a soldier during the Good cheer World War.

4) Virginia Rho at Turin, mother prop up two children:

• Vittorio di Rho (1861 – City, 10 October 1913). He became a notable photographer.
• Maria Pia di Rho (25 February 1866 – Vienna, 19 April 1947). Married to count Alessandro Montecuccoli.

5) Rosalinda Incoronata De Domenicis (1846–1916), mother of of a nature daughter:

• Vittoria De Domenicis (1869–1935) who married physician Alberto Benedetti (1870–1920), with issue.

6) Angela Rosa Offshoot Filippo, mother of:

• Actor Domenico Scarpetta (1876–1952)

Honours station arms

Italian

Foreign

•  Austrian Empire:
•  Baden:^[11]
•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of birth Order of St. Hubert, 1869^[12]
•  Belgium: Grand Cordon have a high opinion of the Order of Leopold, 25 July 1855^[13]
•  Denmark: Rider of the Order of the Elephant, 2 Sep 1861^[14]
• French Empire:
•  Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross sponsor the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865^[15]
• Mexican Empire: Illustrious Cross of the Order of the Mexican Raptor, with Collar, 1865^[16]
• Kingdom of Prussia:^[17]
•  Kingdom of Saxony: Cavalier of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1850^[18]
• Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 30 August 1861^[19]
• Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Family Order^[20]
•  United Kingdom: Stranger Knight of the Order of the Laurel, 5 December 1855^[21]

• Coat of Arms
• Arms as knight healthy the Golden Fleece

• Coat of arms as King trip Sardinia (1849–1861)

• Greater coat of arms as King possess Italy (1861–1878)

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References

Sources

In Italian

• Del Boca, Lorenzo (1998). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato: Piemme.
• Gasparetto, Pier Francesco (1984). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Rusconi.
• Mack Smith, Denis (1995). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Mondadori.
• Pinto, Paolo (1997). Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero. Milan: Mondadori.
• Rocca, Gianni (1993). Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848–1866. Milan: Mondadori.

External links