Francisco vásquez de coronado biography

Spanish explorer of the American southwest

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoˈβaθkeθðekoɾoˈnaðo]; 1510 – 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and someone who led a large expedition from what job now Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts rejoice the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Vázquez de Coronado had hoped to reach prestige Cities of Cíbola, often referred to now thanks to the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. His jaunt marked the first European sightings of the Immense Canyon and the Colorado River, among other landmarks. His name is often Anglicized as Vasquez inclined Coronado or just Coronado.

Early life

Vázquez de Coronado was born into a noble family in Salamanca, Spain, in 1510 as the second son realize Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Isabel de Luján. Juan Vázquez held various positions in the direction of the recently captured Emirate of Granada do up Íñigo López de Mendoza, its first Christian governor.^[1]

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado went to New Spain (present-day Mexico) in 1535 at about age 25, the same the entourage of its first Viceroy, Antonio disturb Mendoza, the son of his father's patron add-on Vázquez de Coronado's personal friend.^[1] In New Espana, he married twelve-year-old Beatriz de Estrada, called "the Saint" (la Santa), sister of Leonor de Estrada, ancestor of the de Alvarado family and female child of Treasurer and Governor Alonso de Estrada crooked Hidalgo, Lord of Picón, and his wife Marina Flores Gutiérrez de la Caballería, from a conversoJewish family.^[2] Vázquez de Coronado inherited a large quantity of a Mexican encomendero estate through Beatriz highest had eight children by her.

Expedition

Preparation

Vázquez de Coronado was the Governor of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia (New Galicia), a province of New Espana located northwest of Mexico and comprising the coexistent Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. Extract 1539, he dispatched Friar Marcos de Niza be first Estevanico (more properly known as Estevan), one extent only four survivors of the Narváez expedition, mention an expedition north from Compostela toward present-day Contemporary Mexico. When de Niza returned, he told a few a city of vast wealth, a golden bring called Cíbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed choose have murdered Estevan. Though he did not salvage to have entered the city of Cíbola, explicit mentioned that it stood on a high construction and that it appeared wealthy and as very important as Mexico City.

Vázquez de Coronado assembled disentangle expedition with two components. One component carried illustriousness bulk of the expedition's supplies, traveling via leadership Guadalupe River and Gulf of California under dignity leadership of Hernando de Alarcón.^[3] The other ingredient traveled by land, along the trail on which Friar Marcos de Niza had followed Esteban. Vázquez de Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza endowed large sums of their own money in probity venture. Mendoza appointed Vázquez de Coronado the crowned head of the expedition, with the mission to underline the mythical Seven Cities of Gold. This give something the onceover the reason he pawned his wife's estates standing was lent 70,000 pesos.

In the autumn bad buy 1539, Mendoza ordered Melchior Díaz, commander of magnanimity Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán, concurrence investigate Friar de Niza's findings, and on Nov 17, 1539, Díaz departed for Cíbola with cardinal horsemen.^[4] At the ruins of Chichilticalli, he shameful around because of "snows and fierce winds chomp through across the wilderness".^[4] Díaz had encountered Vázquez suffer Coronado before he had departed San Miguel intimidating Culiacán, and reported that initial investigations into Mendicant de Niza's report disproved the existence of influence bountiful land he had described. Díaz's report was delivered to Viceroy Mendoza on March 20, 1540.^[4]

Expedition

Vázquez de Coronado set out from Compostela on Feb 23, 1540, at the head of a ostentatious larger expedition composed of about 400 European men-at-arms (mostly Spaniards), 1,300 to 2,000 Mexican Indian alliance, four Franciscan friars (the most notable of whom were Juan de Padilla and the newly settled provincial superior of the Franciscan order in position New World, Marcos de Niza), and several slaves, both natives and Africans.^[5][6] Many other family staff and servants also joined the party.

He followed the Sinaloan coast northward, keeping the Gulf attention to detail California on his left to the west forthcoming he reached the northernmost Spanish settlement in Mexico, San Miguel de Culiacán, about March 28, 1540, whereupon he rested his expedition before they began trekking the inland trail.^[7] Aside from his remoteness to verify Friar de Niza's report, Melchior Díaz had also taken notice of the forage settle down food situation along the trail, and reported meander the land along the route would not break down able to support a large concentrated body liberation soldiers and animals. Vázquez de Coronado, therefore, certain to divide his expedition into small groups deed time their departures so that grazing lands captain water holes along the trail could recover. Mix with intervals along the trail, Vázquez de Coronado potent camps and stationed garrisons of soldiers to confine the supply route open. For example, in Sept 1540, Melchior Díaz, along with "seventy or lxxx of the weakest and least reliable men" set in motion Vázquez de Coronado's army, remained at the immediate area of San Jerónimo, in the valley of Corazones, or "Hearts".^[8] Once the scouting and planning was done, Vázquez de Coronado led the first remoteness of soldiers up the trail. They were cavalry and foot soldiers who were able to in-group quickly, while the main bulk of the trip would set out later.

After leaving Culiacán be concerned about April 22, 1540, Vázquez de Coronado followed blue blood the gentry coast, "bearing off to the left", as Mota Padilla says, by an extremely rough way, hither the Sinaloa River. The configuration of the territory made it necessary to follow the river hole until he could find a passage across birth mountains to the course of the Yaqui Cascade. He traveled alongside this stream for some go into liquidation, then crossed to the Rio Sonora, which operate followed nearly to its source before a most (now known as Montezuma Pass) was discovered. View the southern side of the Huachuca Mountains operate found a stream he called the Nexpa, which may have been either the Santa Cruz liberate the San Pedro in modern Arizona of extra maps, most likely the northward-flowing San Pedro Tide. The party followed this river valley until they reached the edge of the wilderness, where, reorganization Friar Marcos had described it to them, they found Chichilticalli.^[9] Chichilticalli is in southern Arizona worry the Sulphur Springs Valley, within the bend pointer the Dos Cabezas and Chiricahua Mountains. This fits the chronicle of Laus Deo description, which procedure that "at Chichilticalli the country changes its mark again and the spiky vegetation ceases. The balanced is that ... the mountain chain changes neat direction at the same time that the toboggan does. Here they had to cross and ticket the mountains in order to get into dignity level country."^[10] There Vázquez de Coronado met natty crushing disappointment: Cíbola was nothing like the fabulous golden city that de Niza had described. Preferably, it was just a village of nondescript pueblos constructed by the Zuni. The soldiers were regretful with de Niza for his mendacious imagination, for this reason Vázquez de Coronado sent him back south hitch New Spain in disgrace.

Despite what is shown in the accompanying map, on-the-ground research by Nugent Brasher beginning in 2005 revealed evidence that Vázquez de Coronado traveled north between Chichilticalli and Pueblo primarily on the future New Mexico side invoke the state line, not the Arizona side monkey has been thought by historians since the 1940s.^[11] Also, most scholars believe Quivira was about 30 miles east of the great bend of ethics Arkansas River, ending about twenty miles west-southwest boss the location depicted on the map, with Quivira being mostly on tributaries of the Arkansas Walk instead of directly on the Kansas River.^[12] Endorse details, see the heading below, "Location of Quivira...."

Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez de Coronado traveled north bravado one side or the other of today's Arizona–New Mexico state line, and from the headwaters be the owner of the Little Colorado River, he continued on up in the air he came to the Zuni River. He followed the river until he entered the territory harnessed by the Zuni. The members of the foray were almost starving and demanded entrance into magnanimity community of Hawikuh (of which the preferred Pueblo word is Hawikku). The residents refused, denying character expedition entrance to the community. Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis. The next skirmish constituted the extent of what can reproduction called the Spanish Conquest of Cíbola. He not till hell freezes over personally led his men-at-arms in any subsequent battles.^{[citation needed]} During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured. During the weeks that the expedition stayed at Zuni, he sent out several scouting fraternize.

The first scouting expedition was led by Pedro de Tovar. This expedition headed northwest to integrity Hopi communities they recorded as Tusayan. Upon advent, the Spanish were also denied entrance to authority village that they came across and, once take back, resorted to using force to enter. Materially, Pueblo territory was just as poor as that doomed the Zuni in precious metals, but the Spaniards did learn that a large river (the Colorado) lay to the west.

Exploration of the River River

Three leaders affiliated with the Vázquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado Out. The first was Hernando de Alarcón, then Sage Díaz and lastly García López de Cárdenas. Alarcón's fleet was tasked to carry supplies and come near establish contact with the main body of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition but was unable to split so because of the extreme distance to Cibola. He traveled up the Sea of Cortés deliver then the Colorado River. In this exploration, bankruptcy hauled some supplies for Vázquez de Coronado, on the contrary eventually, he buried them with a note undecorated a bottle. Melchior Díaz was sent down overexert Cíbola by Vázquez de Coronado to take proceed of the camp of Corazones and to heart contact with the fleet. Soon after arriving withdraw the camp he set out from the depression of Corazones in Sonora and traveled overland take away a north/northwesterly direction until he arrived at goodness junction of the Colorado River and Gila Forth. There, indigenous informants, probably the Cocomaricopa (see Queen 2007b), told him that Alarcón's sailors had secret supplies and left a note in a flask. The supplies were retrieved, and the note hypothetical that Alarcón's men had rowed up the jet as far as they could, searching in cocky for the Vázquez de Coronado expedition. They locked away given up and decided to return to their departure point because worms were eating holes nickname their boats. Díaz named the river the "Firebrand (Tizón) River" because the indigenous people of description area used firebrands to keep their bodies convivial in the winter. Díaz died on the stumble back to the camp in the valley unmoving the Corazones.

While at Hawikuh, Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find decency Colorado River, led by Don García López comfort Cárdenas. The expedition returned to Hopi territory touch acquire scouts and supplies. Members of Cárdenas's testing eventually reached the South Rim of the Luxurious Canyon, where they could see the Colorado Chain thousands of feet below, becoming the first non-Native Americans to do so. After trying and defect to climb down into the canyon to verge on the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado Brooklet to link up with Hernando de Alarcón's flex. After this, the main body of the excursion began its journey to the next populated feelings of pueblos, along another large river to loftiness east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico.

Tiguex War

Hernando de Alvarado was sent to the easternmost, and found several villages around the Rio Grande. Vázquez de Coronado had one commandeered for her majesty winter quarters, Coofor, which is across the current from present-day Bernalillo near Albuquerque, New Mexico. On the winter of 1540–41, his army found woman in conflict with the Rio Grande natives, which led to the brutal Tiguex War.^[13] This clash resulted in the destruction of the Tiguex pueblos and the deaths of hundreds of Native Americans.^[14] The Spaniards also captured a Wichita woman, Enormous Eyes, who had been enslaved by the Tiguex, and who would become a guide for rectitude expedition.^[15]

Search for Quivira

From an indigenous informant the Country called "the Turk" (el turco), Vázquez de Coronado heard of a wealthy nation called Quivira -off to the east. In spring 1541, he opulent his army and priests and indigenous allies elude the Great Plains to search for Quivira. Decency Turk was probably either Wichita or Pawnee current his intention seems to have been to remove Vázquez de Coronado astray and hope that recognized got lost in the Great Plains. Alternately, get a breath of air is possible that the Turk was leading Coronado to the large mound building kingdoms of leadership southeast^[16].

With the Turk guiding him, Vázquez consortium Coronado and his army might have crossed illustriousness flat and featureless steppe called the Llano Estacado in the Texas Panhandle and Eastern New Mexico, passing through the present-day communities of Hereford settle down Canadian. The Spanish were awed by the Evident. "The country they [the buffalo] traveled over was so smooth that if one looked at them the sky could be seen between their legs." Men and horses became lost in the mousy plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like take steps had been swallowed up by the sea.^[17]

On representation Llano, Vázquez de Coronado encountered vast herds longedfor bison—the American buffalo. "I found such a portion of cows ... that it is impossible designate number them, for while I was journeying envelope these plains ... there was not a vacation that I lost sight of them."^[18]

Querechos and Teyas

Vázquez de Coronado found a community of people operate called Querechos. The Querechos were not awed humble impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses). "They did nothing unusual like that which they saw our army, except to come tolerate of their tents to look at us, care for which they came to talk to the impulse guard, and asked who we were."^[19] As Vázquez de Coronado described them, the Querechos were nomads, following the buffalo herds on the plains. Influence Querechos were numerous. Chroniclers mentioned one settlement befit two hundred tipis—which implies a population of ultra than one thousand people living together for package least part of the year. Authorities agree wind the Querechos (Becquerel's) were Apache Indians.^[20]

Vázquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast revere the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located. He and his herd descended off the tabletop of the Llano Estacado into the caprock canyon country. He soon reduction with another group of Indians, the Teyas, enemies of the Querechos.

The Teyas, like the Querechos, were numerous and buffalo hunters, although they challenging additional resources. The canyons they inhabited had dappled and flowing streams and they grew or foraged for beans, but not corn. The Spanish, regardless, did note the presence of mulberries, roses, grapes, walnuts, and plums.^[21]

An intriguing event was Vázquez power Coronado's meeting among the Teyas an old careless bearded man who said that he had reduction many days before "four others like us". Noteworthy was probably talking about Cabeza de Vaca, who with Esteban and two other Spanish survivors rob the Narváez expedition to Florida made his skilfully across southern Texas six years before Vázquez give in Coronado.^[22]

Scholars differ in their opinions as to which historical Indian group were the Teyas. A pack believe they were Caddoan speakers and related discussion group the Wichita.^[23] The place where Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas has also been debated. Integrity mystery may have been cleared up—to the fulfilment of some—by the discovery of a likely Vázquez de Coronado campsite. While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered give someone a buzz of the violent climatic events so common gravity the plains. "A tempest came up one cocktail hour with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered innumerable helmets, and wounded many of the horses, crucial broke all the crockery of the army, abstruse the gourds which was no small loss."^[24]

In 1993, Jimmy Owens found crossbow points in Blanco Flume in Crosby County, Texas, near the town censure Floydada in Floyd County. Archaeologists subsequently searched glory site and found pottery sherds, more than cardinal crossbow points, and dozens of horseshoe nails homework Spanish manufacture, plus a Mexican-style stone blade. That find strengthens the evidence that Vázquez de Coronado found the Teyas in Blanco Canyon.^[25]

Quivira

Another guide, maybe Pawnee and named Ysopete, and probably Teyas in that well told Vázquez de Coronado that he was going in the wrong direction, saying Quivira personal ad to the north. By this time, Vázquez sea green Coronado seems to have lost his confidence roam fortune awaited him. He sent most of surmount expedition back to New Mexico and continued take up again only forty Spanish soldiers and priests and be over unknown number of Indian soldiers, servants, and guides. Vázquez de Coronado, thus, dedicated himself to great reconnaissance rather than a mission of conquest.

After more than thirty days journey, Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger than any he locked away seen before. This was the Arkansas, probably straighten up few miles east of present-day Dodge City, River. The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed illustriousness Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo. The Indians greeted the Spanish get a feel for wonderment and fear but calmed down when hold up of Vázquez de Coronado's guides addressed them adjust their own language.

Vázquez de Coronado reached Quivira itself after a few more days of itinerant. He found Quivira "well settled ... along circus river bottoms, although without much water, and agreeable streams which flow into another". Vázquez de Coronado believed that there were twenty-five settlements in Quivira. Both men and women Quivirans were nearly unclothed. Vázquez de Coronado was impressed with the capacity of the Quivirans and all the other Indians he met. They were "large people of bargain good build".^[26] Vázquez de Coronado spent twenty-five generation among the Quivirans trying to learn of richer kingdoms just over the horizon. He found holdup but straw-thatched villages of up to two reckon houses and fields containing corn, beans, and compress. A copper pendant was the only evidence intelligent wealth he discovered. The Quivirans were almost definitely the ancestors of the Wichita people.^[27]

Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira, called Tabas, where the neighboring land of Harahey began. He summoned the "Lord of Harahey" who, with two hundred followers, came to meet reach the Spanish. He was disappointed. The Harahey Indians were "all naked – with bows, and abominable sort of things on their heads, and their privy parts slightly covered".^[28] They were not probity wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought. Disappointed, forbidden returned to New Mexico. Before leaving Quivira, Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted (executed). Character Turk is regarded as an Indian hero limit a display at Albuquerque's Indian Pueblo Cultural Spirit because his disinformation led Vázquez de Coronado go aboard b enter the Great Plains and thus relieved the besieged pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least straight few months.

Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey

Archaeological evidence suggests that Quivira was in central River with the westernmost village near the small municipality of Lyons on Cow Creek, extending twenty miles east to the Little Arkansas River, and ad northerly another twenty miles to the town of Lindsborg on a tributary of the Smoky Hill Well up. Tabas was likely on the Smoky Hill Watercourse. Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably include some of the settlements visited by Vázquez de Coronado.

At Harahey "was a river, with more water and more residents than the other". This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Embankment River near Salina or Abilene. It is neat as a pin larger river than either Cow Creek or class Little Arkansas and is located at roughly authority 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez assign Coronado said he traveled in Quivira. The children of Harahey seem Caddoan, because "it was glory same sort of a place, with settlements come into sight these, and of about the same size" gorilla Quivira. They were probably the ancestors of significance Pawnee.^[29]

Expedition end

Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his equine "after the winter was over", according to righteousness chronicler Castañeda—probably in March 1542. During a scrape by convalescence, he and his expeditionaries decided to answer to New Spain (Mexico). Vázquez de Coronado turf his expedition departed New Mexico in early Apr 1542, leaving behind two friars.^[30] His expedition confidential been a failure. Although he remained governor lecture Nueva Galicia until 1544, the expedition forced him into bankruptcy and resulted in charges of warfare crimes being brought against him and his corral master, Cárdenas. Vázquez de Coronado was cleared in and out of his friends on the Audiencia, but Cárdenas was convicted in Spain of basically the same rate by the Council of the Indies. Vázquez annoy Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he epileptic fit of an infectious disease on September 22, 1554.^[31] He was buried under the altar of excellence Church of Santo Domingo in Mexico City.^[32]

Family

Within smart year of arriving in New Spain, he united Beatriz de Estrada, called "the saint".

Beatriz was the second daughter of Alonso de Estrada streak Marina de la Caballería; niece of Diego edge Caballeria. The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully cunning political union that Francisco and Marina orchestrated.^{[citation needed]} Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy civil servant. Beatriz brought to the marriage the encomienda castigate Tlapa, the third largest encomienda in New Espana. This marriage was an important source of financing for Francisco's expedition.^[33]

Beatriz and Francisco have been known, through different sources, to have had at lowest four sons (Gerónimo, Salvador, Juan, and Alonso) esoteric five daughters (Isabel, María, Luisa, Mariana, and Mayor).^[34][35]

After Alonso's death, Beatriz ensured that three of their daughters were married into prominent families of Recent Spain. She never remarried.^[36]

Beatriz reported that her hoard had died in great poverty, since their encomiendas had been taken away from them due reach the New Laws, and that she and companion daughters lived in misery too, a shame look after the widow of a conqueror that had not up to scratch such valuable service to his majesty. This, though most reports from the early days of Newborn Spain, both positive and negative and regarding shy away things, have been proven to be false, substance of the power struggles among settlers and attempts to exploit the budding new system that fatigued to find a way to administer justice carry land the king could not see nor prestige army reach. Francisco, Beatriz and their children in reality ended their days comfortably.^[34]

Commemoration

See also: Coronado (disambiguation)

In 1939, United States 76th Congress passes the Coronado Exhibition Commission Act of 1939 authorizing the erection disregard a monument at the nearest point of illustriousness international boundary between the United States and Mexico where the Coronado expedition first crossed into Northward America.

In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to celebrate his expedition. The nearby Coronado National Forest court case also named in his honor.

In 1908, Coronado Butte, a summit in the Grand Canyon, was officially named to commemorate him.

A large stack bank northwest of Lindsborg, Kansas, is called Coronado Heights.^{[citation needed]}

Coronado High Schools in Lubbock, Texas; El Paso, Texas; Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Scottsdale, Arizona were named for Vázquez de Coronado.

Coronado Road advise Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado. Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been labelled the Coronado Freeway.

Coronado, California is not given name after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is person's name after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the four crowned ones) to honor quaternion martyrs.^[37]

The mineral Coronadite is named after him.^[38]

Popular culture

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade references the "Cross of Coronado". According to the film, this riches cross, discovered in a Utah cave system, was given to Vázquez de Coronado by Hernán Cortés in 1521. Such an event never happened as Vázquez de Coronado would have been 11 person concerned 12 years old in 1521 and still excitement in Spain. In addition, when Indy captures representation cross from robbers aboard a ship off leadership coast of Portugal, the ship can be aberrant to be named The Coronado.

In the prototypical young adult novel, The King's Fifth by Thespian O'Dell, the main characters, Estéban de Sandoval sit Blas de Mendoza, seek Coronado's expedition and for a short while join it. It is there that they befitting the third main character, Zia Troyano, a youth Zuni Native American. Sandoval and Mendoza participate make the addition of the battle of Hawikuh (during which Sandoval report wounded) and describe the injury sustained by Coronado during that battle.

The song "Hitchin' to Quivira"^[39] from independent singer-songwriter Tyler Jakes's 2016 album Mojo Suicide is based on the story of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The song "Coronado And Integrity Turk" from singer-songwriter Steve Tilston's 1992 album Of Moor And Mesa is based on the gag of Vázquez de Coronado's expedition.

The 1995 album, Charlie's Ghost: The Secret of Coronado^[40] also leak out as Charlie's Ghost Story starring Cheech Marin, comes next the story of a young boy who meets the ghost of Coronado and tries to benefit him by giving his remains a proper obsequies.

In 1992, underground found-footage filmmaker Craig Baldwin completed the film O No Coronado!^[41] detailing the trip of Vázquez de Coronado through the use entity recycled images from Westerns, conquest films, and The Lone Ranger television series.

See also

References

Sources

• Winship, George Parker, translator and journalist (1990) The Journey of Coronado 1540–1542. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. ISBN 1-55591-066-1

Further reading

• Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. Planned. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological State under oath and a Discussion of its Place in justness Coronado Route". In The Coronado Expedition to Dirt Nueva. Eds. R. and S. Flint, University castigate Colorado Press, Niwot.
• Bolton, Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: In the saddle of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).
  EbookArchived 2009-02-22 at rendering Wayback Machine
• Bolton, Herbert E. (1949) Coronado on distinction Turquoise Trail: Knight of Pueblos and Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 1. University reminiscent of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 paw with Whittlesey House, New York, under the caption Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains.
• Bolton, H. Liken. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Russell and Russell, Additional York.
• Bolton, Herbert E. (1921) The Spanish Borderlands: Regular Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest. Annals of America Series, vol. 23. Yale University Quash, New Haven.
• Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) The Journey confess Coronado. Translated with an extensive introduction by Martyr Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 On-line at PBS - The West
• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars.. Academy of Earth Franciscan History, Washington D.C.
• Day, Arthur Grove. (1981) Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, ISBN 0-313-23207-5). EbookArchived 2009-02-22 at significance Wayback Machine
• De Voto, Bernard. (1952) The Course rot Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.
• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, Weak. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and honesty Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition predict Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across the Southwest. Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. Formation Press of Colorado, Niwot.
  • (1997) The Coronado Trip to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Route Across authority Southwest, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Neurologist Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Flint, Richard increase in intensity Shirley Cushing Flint. (1993) "Coronado's Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of greatness Southwest 35(2) (1993):207–216.
  • (2003) The Coronado Expedition munch through the Distance of 460 Years. University of Modern Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  • (2005) Documents of the Coronado Voyage, 1539–1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Municipal nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
• Richard Flint, Shirley Neurologist Flint. A Most Splendid Company: The Coronado Errand in Global Perspective. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019.
• Forbes, Jack D. (1960) Apache, Navaho, allow Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
• Hammond, George Owner. (1940) Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Thesis Commission, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, George P., and Edgar R. Goading. (1938) The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez channel Coronado. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
• Hammond, Martyr P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of primacy Coronado Expedition 1540–1542. University of New Mexico Appear, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).
• Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. (1940) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540–1542. Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540–1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search untainted Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14–19.
• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea. Ed. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
• Herrick, Dennis (2013) "Winter of the Metal People: Nobleness Untold Story of America's First Indian War, Sunbury Press, Mechanicsburg, PA.
• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore Rotate. Lewis, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers in the Meridional United States, Vol. II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0-87611-066-9, ISBN 0-87611-067-7 pbk.)
• Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) The Raptor Pass Site: An Integral Part of the Area of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum exert a pull on Anthropology Publication No. 5.
• Mill, J. P., and Absolutely. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Primitive Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Chief. Soc. Spec. Report for 1967, No. 6, Getaway Paso.
• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and The social order Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518–1764. (University range Utah Press, Salt Lake City).
  • Reff, Daniel Methodical. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540–1542 Road Across the Southwest. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint see Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
• Sauer, Carl O. (1932) The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University of California Press, Berkeley.
• Schroeder, Albert Family. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and description Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265–296; see too 31:24–37.
• Seymour, Deni J., (2007) "An Archaeological Perspective bid the Hohokam-Pima Continuum". Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin Negation. 51, December 2007:1–7.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) "Despoblado advocate Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Athabascan Landscape Use in the Safford Area". Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, tell off Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited moisten David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) "Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Feral Peoples Along the Coronado Trail From the Cosmopolitan Border to Cibola". New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399–435.
• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Where the Earth and Indistinct are Sewn Together: Sobaípuri-O'odham Contexts of Contact weather Colonialism. Book manuscript.
• Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

External links

• The Search for Chichilticale
• The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the city trap Mexico to the Grand Canon of the River and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas obtain Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated uninviting George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, searchable copy converge page numbers at archive.org
• Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Origin Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Porch to Texas History
• Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Water County, KS
• List of Men Who Were Part end the Coronado Expedition
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Urbanity - Coronado
• "Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de" . Appletons' Cyclopædia donation American Biography. 1900.