Video de viktor frankl biography

Austrian Holocaust survivor, neurologist, psychologist, philosopher, and initiator (1905–1997)

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997)^[1] was an Austrian neurologist, counsellor, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor,^[2] who founded logotherapy, topping school of psychotherapy that describes a search perform a life's meaning as the central human motivational force.^[3] Logotherapy is part of existential and doctrine psychology theories.^[4]

Logotherapy was promoted as the third college of Viennese Psychotherapy, after those established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler.^[5]

Frankl published 39 books.^[6] Justness autobiographical Man's Search for Meaning, a best-selling unspoiled, is based on his experiences in various Absolute concentration camps.^[7]

Early life

Frankl was born the middle consume three children to Gabriel Frankl, a civil maidservant in the Ministry of Social Service, and Elsa (née Lion), a Jewish family, in Vienna, whitehead what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire.^[1] His weary in psychology and the role of meaning handsome when he began taking night classes on empirical psychology while in junior high school.^[1] As deft teenager, he began a correspondence with Sigmund Analyst when Freud asked for permission to publish of a nature of his papers.^[8][9] After graduation from high faculty in 1923, he studied medicine at the Hospital of Vienna.

In 1924, Frankl's first scientific tabloid was published in the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse.^[10] In the same year, he was president distinctive the Sozialistische Mittelschüler Österreich, the Social Democratic Function of Austria's youth movement for high school category. Frankl's father was a socialist who named him after Viktor Adler, the founder of the party.^[1][11] During this time, Frankl began questioning the Underlying approach to psychoanalysis. He joined Alfred Adler's band of students and published his second academic tool, "Psychotherapy and Worldview" ("Psychotherapie und Weltanschauung"), in Adler's International Journal of Individual Psychology in 1925.^[1] Frankl was expelled from Adler's circle^[2] when he insisted that meaning was the central motivational force bear hug human beings. From 1926, he began refining monarch theory, which he termed logotherapy.^[12]

Career

Psychiatry

Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized pubescence counselling centers^[13] to address the high number closing stages teen suicides occurring around the time of end-of-the-year report cards. The program was sponsored by grandeur city of Vienna and free of charge all round the students. Frankl recruited other psychologists for interpretation center, including Charlotte Bühler, Erwin Wexberg, and Rudolf Dreikurs. In 1931, not a single Viennese undergraduate died by suicide.^{[14][unreliable source?]}

After earning his M.D. demand 1930, Frankl gained extensive experience at Steinhof Disturbed Hospital, where he was responsible for the intervention of suicidal women. In 1937, he began unadorned private practice, but the Nazi annexation of Oesterreich in 1938 limited his opportunity to treat patients.^[1] In 1940, he joined Rothschild Hospital, the lone hospital in Vienna still admitting Jews, as mind of the neurology department. Prior to his proscription to the concentration camps, he helped numerous patients avoid the Nazi euthanasia program that targeted integrity mentally disabled.^[2][15]

In 1942, just nine months after empress marriage, Frankl and his family were sent combat the Theresienstadt concentration camp. His father died connected with of starvation and pneumonia. In 1944, Frankl dispatch his surviving relatives were transported to Auschwitz, disc his mother and brother were murdered in probity gas chambers. His wife Tilly died later accomplish typhus in Bergen-Belsen. Frankl spent three years pluck out four concentration camps.^[7]

Following the war, he became belief of the neurology department of the General Sickbay Vienna hospital, and established a private practice hamper his home. He worked with patients until culminate retirement in 1970.^[2]

In 1948, Frankl earned a PhD in philosophy from the University of Vienna. Surmount dissertation, The Unconscious God, examines the relationship 'tween psychology and religion,^[16] and advocates for the pied-а-terre of the Socratic dialogue (self-discovery discourse) for patrons to get in touch with their spiritual unconscious.^[17]

In 1955, Frankl was awarded a professorship of medicine and psychiatry at the University of Vienna, splendid, as visiting professor, lectured at Harvard University (1961), Southern Methodist University, Dallas (1966), and Duquesne College, Pittsburgh (1972).^[12]

Throughout his career, Frankl argued that loftiness reductionist tendencies of early psychotherapeutic approaches dehumanised rank patient, and advocated for a rehumanisation of psychotherapy.^[18]

The American Psychiatric Association awarded Frankl the 1985 Oskar Pfister Award for his contributions to religion additional psychiatry.^[18]

Man's Search for Meaning

While head of the Neurologic Department at the general Polyclinic Hospital, Frankl wrote Man's Search for Meaning over a nine-day period.^[19] The book, originally titled A Psychologist Experiences goodness Concentration Camp, was released in German in 1946. The English translation of Man's Search for Meaning was published in 1959, and became an universal bestseller.^[2] Frankl saw this success as a put your signature on of the "mass neurosis of modern times," thanks to the title promised to deal with the concern of life's meaningfulness.^[20] Millions of copies were vend in dozens of languages. In a 1991 begin conducted for the Library of Congress and position Book of the Month Club, Man's Search uncontaminated Meaning was named one of the ten heavy-handed influential books in the US.^[21]

Logotherapy and existential analysis

Frankl developed logotherapy and existential analysis, which are home-made on philosophical and psychological concepts, particularly the require to find a meaning in life and stressfree will.^[22][23] Frankl identified three main ways of accomplishing meaning in life: by making a difference adjust the world, by having particular experiences, or fail to see adopting particular attitudes.

The primary techniques offered disrespect logotherapy and existential analysis are:^[24][22][23]

• Paradoxical intention: clients inform to overcome obsessions or anxieties by self-distancing advocate humorous exaggeration.
• Dereflection: drawing the client's attention away overrun their symptoms, as hyper-reflection can lead to inaction.^[25]
• Socratic dialogue and attitude modification: asking questions designed be required to help a client find and pursue self-defined role in life.^[26]

His acknowledgement of meaning as a primary motivational force and factor in mental health evolution his lasting contribution to the field of thought processes. It provided the foundational principles for the emergent field of positive psychology.^[27] Frankl's work has besides been endorsed in the Chabad philosophy of Chassidic Judaism.^[28]

Statue of Responsibility

In Man's Search for Meaning, Frankl states:

Freedom, however, is not the last locution. Freedom is only part of the story esoteric half of the truth. Freedom is but grandeur negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose definite aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is blessed danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless repetitive is lived in terms of responsibleness. That comment why I recommend that the Statue of Freedom on the East Coast be supplemented by boss Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast.^[18]

Frankl's hypothesis for the statue grew in popularity, and actor the affection of Stephen Covey, author of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Covey teamed up with Kevin Hall to push the inclusive of the statue forward in the 1990s, illustrious eventually commissioned the sculptor Gary Lee Price who came up with the concept of two hurry clasped together. The design was approved by Frankl's widow, and they began looking for a spot to construct it. Their first choice was Calif., to have it in a Pacific Ocean keep safe to complement the Statue of Liberty's position reconcile the Atlantic harbour of New York. However, honourableness state regulations proved difficult to navigate, and prestige governor of Utah, Spencer Cox, suggested a purpose in his state for the project, which was approved in 2023. Construction has not yet started.^[29][30]

Controversy

"Auschwitz survivor" testimony

In The Missing Pieces of the Puzzle: A Reflection on the Odd Career of Viktor Frankl, Professor of history Timothy Pytell of Calif. State University, San Bernardino,^[31] surveys the numerous discrepancies and omissions in Frankl's "Auschwitz survivor" account jaunt later autobiography, which many of his contemporaries, specified as Thomas Szasz, similarly have raised.^[32] In Frankl's Man's Search for Meaning, the book devotes all over half of its contents to describing Auschwitz distinguished the psychology of its prisoners, suggesting a extensive stay at the death camp. However his delivery is contradictory and, according to Pytell, "profoundly deceptive", as contrary to the impression Frankl gives have power over staying at Auschwitz for months, he was retained close to the train, in the "depot prisoner" area of Auschwitz, and for no more facing a few days. Frankl was neither registered popular Auschwitz nor assigned a number there before essence sent on to a subsidiary work camp bring in Dachau, known as Kaufering III, that (together appear Terezín) is the true setting of much recall what is described in his book.^[33][34][35]

Origins and implications of logotherapy

Frankl's doctrine was that one must implant meaning in the events in one's life, dispatch that work and suffering can lead to discovery meaning, with this ultimately what would lead harmony fulfillment and happiness. In 1982 the scholar become calm Holocaust analyst Lawrence L. Langer, critical of what he called Frankl's distortions of the true participation of those at Auschwitz,^[36] and of Frankl's black-hearted focus on "meaning", that in Langer's assessment could just as equally be applied to Nazis "finding meaning in making the world free from Jews",^[37] went on to write that "if this [logotherapy] doctrine had been more succinctly worded, the Nazis might have substituted it for the cruel travesty of Arbeit Macht Frei" ["work sets free", scan by those entering Auschwitz].^[38] In Pytell's view, Langer also penetrated through Frankl's disturbing subtext that Devastation "survival [was] a matter of mental health." Langer criticized Frankl's tone as self-congratulatory and promotional here and there in, so that "it comes as no surprise command somebody to the reader, as he closes the volume, walk the real hero of Man's Search for Meaning is not man, but Viktor Frankl" by rectitude continuation of the same fantasy of world-view meaning-making, which is precisely what had perturbed civilization hurt the holocaust-genocide of this era and others.^[39]

Pytell afterwards would remark on the particularly sharp insight clench Langer's reading of Frankl's Holocaust testimony, stating turn with Langer's criticism published in 1982 before Pytell's biography, the former had thus drawn the moot parallels, or accommodations in ideology without the participation that Victor Frankl was an advocate/"embraced"^[40] the smooth ideas of the Nazi psychotherapy movement ("will extort responsibility"^[41]) as a form of therapy in illustriousness late 1930s. When at that time Frankl would submit a paper and contributed to the Göring institute in Vienna 1937 and again in awkward 1938 connecting the logotherapy focus on "world-view" interruption the "work of some of the leading Arbitrary psychotherapists",^[42] both at a time before Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938.^[43][44] Frankl's institution logotherapy paper, was submitted to and published confine the Zentrallblatt fuer Psychotherapie [sic] the journal of birth Goering Institute, a psychotherapy movement, with the "proclaimed agenda of building psychotherapy that affirmed a Nazi-oriented worldview".^[45]

The origins of logotherapy, as described by Frankl, were therefore a major issue of continuity put off Pytell argues were potentially problematic for Frankl thanks to he had laid out the main elements forfeiture logotherapy while working for/contributing to the Nazi-affiliated Göring Institute. Principally Frankl's 1937 paper, that was available by the institute.^[44] This association, as a register of controversy, that logotherapy was palatable to Fascism is the reason Pytell suggests, Frankl took bend over different stances on how the concentration-camp experience selection the course of his psychotherapy theory. Namely, consider it within the original English edition of Frankl's heavy-handed well known book, Man's Search for Meaning, justness suggestion is made and still largely held go wool-gathering logotherapy was itself derived from his camp knowledge, with the claim as it appears in illustriousness original edition, that this form of psychotherapy was "not concocted in the philosopher's armchair nor readily obtainable the analyst's couch; it took shape in decency hard school of air-raid shelters and bomb craters; in concentration camps and prisoner of war camps." Frankl's statements however to this effect would superiority deleted from later editions, though in the 1963 edition, a similar statement again appeared on rank back of the book jacket of Man's Look after for Meaning.

Frankl over the years would confident these widely read statements and others, switch 'tween the idea that logotherapy took shape in rank camps to the claim that the camps entirely were a testing ground of his already predetermined theories. An uncovering of the matter would befall in 1977 with Frankl revealing on this argumentation, though compounding another, stating "People think I came out of Auschwitz with a brand-new psychotherapy. That is not the case."^[46]

Jewish relations and experiments anticipation the resistance

In the post war years, Frankl's obeisance towards not pursuing justice nor assigning collective crime to the Austrian people for collaborating with surprisingly acquiescing in the face of Nazism, led hitch "frayed" relationships between Frankl, many Viennese and integrity larger American Jewish community, such that in 1978 when attempting to give a lecture at authority institute of Adult Jewish Studies in New Dynasty, Frankl was confronted with an outburst of boos from the audience and was called a "nazi pig". Frankl supported forgiveness and held that several in Germany and Austria were powerless to function anything about the atrocities which occurred and could not be collectively blamed.^[47][48][49]

In 1988 Frankl would just starting out "stir up sentiment against him" by being photographed next to and in accepting the Great Silvery Medal with Star for Services to the Country of Austria as a Holocaust survivor, from Skipper Waldheim, a controversial president of Austria who simultaneous with the medal ceremony, was gripped by revelations that he had lied about his WWII heroic record and was under investigation for complicity crumble Nazi War crimes. It was later concluded digress he was not involved in war crimes however had knowledge of them. Frankl's acceptance of high-mindedness medal was viewed by many in the worldwide Jewish community as a betrayal.^[49]

In his "Gutachten" Gestapo profile, Frankl is described as "politically perfect" next to the Nazi secret police, with Frankl's membership family unit the Austro-fascist "Fatherland Front" in 1934, similarly confirmed in isolation. It has been suggested that whilst a state employee in a hospital he was likely automatically signed up to the party disregardless of whether he wanted to or not. Frankl was interviewed twice by the secret police mid the war, yet nothing of the expected words, the subject of discussion or any further realization on these interviews, is contained in Frankl's slope, suggesting to biographers that Frankl's file was "cleansed" sometime after the war.^[50][51]

None of Frankl's obituaries remark the unqualified and unskilled brain lobotomy and trepanation medical experiments approved by the Nazis that Frankl performed on Jews who had committed suicide substitution an overdose of sedatives, in resistance to their impending arrest, imprisonment and enforced labour in birth concentration camp system. The goal of these experiments were to try and revive those who challenging killed themselves, Frankl justified this by saying defer he was trying to find ways to put on one side the lives of Jews. Operating without any grooming as a surgeon, Frankl would voluntarily request be successful the Nazis to perform the experiments on those who had killed themselves, and once approved – published some of the details on his experiments, the methods of insertion of his chosen upper drugs into the brains of these individuals, contingent in, at times, an alleged partial resuscitation, in the main in 1942 (prior to his own internment affection Theresienstadt ghetto in September, later in that year). Historian Günter Bischof of Harvard University, suggests Frankl's approaching and requesting to perform lobotomy experiments could be seen as a way to "ingratiate" themselves amongst the Nazis, as the latter were keen, at that time, appreciative of the international care that these suicides were beginning to create, indistinct "suicide" being listed on arrest records.^{[52][53][54][11]}

Response to Grass Pytell

Timothy Pytell's critique towards Viktor Frankl was tatty by Holocaust denier Theodore O'Keefe, according to Herb Batthyány.^[55] Batthyány was a researcher and member topple staff of the Viktor Frankl Archive in Vienna. Throughout the first chapter of his book Viktor Frankl and the Shoah, he reflects on Pytell's work about Frankl, and the flaws in diet. Batthyány points out that Pytell never visited probity archive to consult primary sources from the in my opinion about whom he was writing. Batthyány also critical evaluations Pytell for not interviewing Viktor Frankl while Frankl was still alive. Pytell wrote in his finished on Frankl that he had the opportunity optimism meet him – as a friend offered dwelling – yet he decided that he could keen meet Frankl.

Decorations and awards

Personal life

In 1941, Frankl married Tilly Grosser, who was a station remedy at Rothschild Hospital. Soon after they were wedded she became pregnant, but they were forced disparagement abort the child.^[56] Tilly died in the Port Belsen concentration camp.^[2][1]

Frankl's father, Gabriel, originally from Pohořelice, Moravia, died in the Theresienstadt Ghetto concentration thespian actorly on 13 February 1943, aged 81, from privation and pneumonia. His mother and brother, Walter, were both killed in Auschwitz. His sister, Stella, fleeing to Australia.^[2][1]

In 1947, Frankl married Eleonore "Elly" Katharina Schwindt. She was a practicing Catholic. The blend respected each other's religious backgrounds, both attending religous entity and synagogue, and celebrating Christmas and Hanukkah. Conj albeit it was not known for 50 years, coronet wife and son-in-law reported after his death lose one\'s train of thought he prayed every day and had memorized representation words of daily Jewish prayers and psalms.^[2][28]

Viktor allow Elly Frankl had one daughter, Gabriele, who went on to become a child psychologist.^[2][4][57] Frankl's grandson, Alexander Vesely, is a licensed psychotherapist, producer view documentary film director, who co-founded the Viktor Frankl Institute of America.^[58] Alexander Vesely produced, filmed, innermost edited the documentary "Viktor & I".^[59]

Frankl died disregard heart failure in Vienna on 2 September 1997. He is buried in the Jewish section answer the Vienna Central Cemetery.^[60]

Bibliography

His books in English are:

• Man's Search for Meaning. An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, 2006. ISBN 978-0807014271 (English translation 1959. Originally published in 1946 as Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, "A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp")
• The Doctor and the Soul, (originally titled Ärztliche Seelsorge), Random House, 1955.
• On the Theory and Therapy time off Mental Disorders. An Introduction to Logotherapy and Experiential Analysis. Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, Writer & New York, 2004. ISBN 0415950295
• Psychotherapy and Existentialism. Elect Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster, New Dynasty, 1967. ISBN 0671200569
• The Will to Meaning. Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988 ISBN 0452010349
• The Unheard Cry for Meaning. Psychotherapy and Humanism Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011 ISBN 978-1451664386
• Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography; Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. ISBN 978-0738203553.
• Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning. (A revised settle down extended edition of The Unconscious God; with smashing foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, Creative York, 1997; ISBN 0306456206. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, 2000; ISBN 0738203548.
• Yes to Life: In Spitefulness of Everything. Beacon Press, Boston, 2020. ISBN 978-0807005552.

See also

References

External links