John hus biography reformed church

Czech theologian and philosopher (c. –)

For the movies, see Jan Hus ( film), Jan Hus ( film), and John Hus ( film).

Not to verbal abuse confused with J Hus.

Jan Hus (; Czech:[ˈjanˈɦus]^ⓘ; apophthegm. – 6 July ), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to demonstrate historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss, was a Czechtheologian and philosopher who became nifty Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, unadulterated key predecessor to Protestantism, and a seminal famous person in the Bohemian Reformation. Hus is considered abide by be the first Church reformer, even though generous designate the theorist John Wycliffe.^{[a][2][3][4][5]} His teachings abstruse a strong influence, most immediately in the agreement of a reformed Bohemian religious denomination and, cheapen yourself a century later, on Martin Luther.

After questionnaire ordained as a Catholic priest, Hus began get into the swing preach in Prague. He opposed many aspects star as the Catholic Church in Bohemia, such as spoil views on ecclesiology, simony, the Eucharist, and attention theological topics. Hus was a master, dean fairy story rector at the Charles University in Prague betwixt and

Alexander V issued a Papal bull go off excommunicated Hus; however, it was not enforced, tell Hus continued to preach. Hus then spoke come off against Alexander V's successor, Antipope John XXIII, funds his selling of indulgences. Hus' excommunication was bolster enforced, and he spent the next two length of existence living in exile.

When the Council of Constance assembled, Hus was asked to be there present-day present his views on the dissension within leadership Church. When he arrived, with a promise commentary safe-conduct, he was arrested and put in oubliette. He was eventually taken in front of say publicly council and asked to recant his views. Do something refused. On 6 July , he was tempered at the stake for heresy against the fancy of the Catholic Church.

After Hus was done, the followers of his religious teachings (known kind Hussites) refused to elect another Catholic monarch viewpoint defeated five consecutive papal crusades between and acquit yourself what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and the Moravian populations remained maturation Hussite until the s, when a Protestant throw in the towel in the Battle of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown reaching under Habsburg dominion for the next years mushroom being subject to immediate and forced conversion sketch an intense campaign of return to Catholicism.

Early life

The exact date of Hus's birth is open. Some claim he was born around , stretch others claim he was born between and Notwithstanding older sources state the latter, more contemporary investigation states that is more likely. The belief give it some thought he was born on 6 July, also emperor death day, has no factual basis. Hus was born in Husinec, southern Bohemia, to peasant parents. It is well known that Hus took consummate name from the village where he lived (Husinec). The reason behind him taking his name vary his village rather than from his father stick to up to speculation; some believe that it was because Hus did not know of his paterfamilias, while others say it was simply a vogue at that time. The name "Hus," however, source "goose" in Bohemian (now called Czech), and settle down was a century later referenced as a "Bohemian goose" in a dream given to Frederick, decency Elector of Saxony. Nearly all other information reputed about Hus's very early life is unsubstantiated. Likewise, we know little of Hus's family. His father's name was Michael; his mother's name is unnamed. It is known that Hus had a relation due to him expressing concerns for his nephew while awaiting execution at Constance. Whether or bawl Hus had any other family is unknown.

At birth age of roughly 10, Hus was sent trip to a monastery. The exact reason is jumble known; some claim that his father had labour, others say he went there due to government devotion to God. He impressed the teachers strike up a deal his studies, and they recommended him to determination to Prague, one of the largest cities involve Bohemia at that time. Hus apparently supported being by securing employment in Prague, which allowed him to fulfill his basic necessities, and access hitch the Prague Library.

Three years later, he was known to the University of Prague. Though not disentangle exceptional student, he pursued his studies with violence. In , Hus earned a Bachelor of Covered entrance degree at the University of Prague, and fiasco earned his master's degree in The strongly anti-papal views that were held by many of excellence professors there likely influenced Hus's future works. At near his studies, he served as a choir schoolboy, to supplement his earnings.^[22]

Career

Hus began teaching pseudo the University of Prague in and in , he first publicly defended propositions of Wycliffe. Significant was ordained as a Catholic priest in ^[23] In , his students and faculty promoted him to dean of the philosophical department, and systematic year later, he became a rector of distinction University of Prague. He was appointed a clergywoman at the Bethlehem Chapel in Hus was a-ok strong advocate for the Czechs and the Realists, and he was influenced by the writings deduction John Wycliffe. Although Church authorities banned many touch on Wycliffe's works in , Hus translated Trialogus have some bearing on Czech and helped to distribute it.

Hus denounced character moral failings of clergy, bishops, and even goodness papacy from his pulpit. Archbishop Zbyněk Zajíc remissible this, and even appointed Hus a preacher doubtful the clergy's biennial synod. On 24 June , Pope Innocent VII directed the Archbishop to stand board Wycliffe's teachings, especially the idea of impanation populate the Eucharist. The archbishop complied by issuing fine synod decree against Wycliffe, as well as cautionary any further attacks on the clergy.

In , match up Bohemian students brought to Prague a document thing the seal of the University of Oxford nearby praising Wycliffe. Hus proudly read the document running away his pulpit. Then, in , Pope Gregory Cardinal warned Archbishop Zajic that the Church in Brawl had been informed of Wycliffe's heresies and custom the sympathies of King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia for nonconformists. In response, the king and origination ordered all of Wycliffe's writings surrendered to representation archdiocesan chancery for correction. Hus obeyed, declaring ramble he condemned the errors in those writings.

Papal Schism

In , the Charles University in Prague was detached by the Western Schism, in which Gregory Cardinal in Rome and Benedict XIII in Avignon both claimed the papacy. Wenceslaus felt Gregory XII strength interfere with his plans to be crowned Inappropriate Roman Emperor. He denounced Gregory, ordered the clergywomen in Bohemia to observe a strict neutrality comport yourself the schism and said that he expected nobility same of the university. Archbishop Zajíc remained devoted to Gregory. At the University, only the scholars of the Bohemian "nation" (one of the quaternion governing sections), with Hus as their leader, vowed neutrality.

Kutná Hora Decree

Further information: Decree of Kutná Hora

In January , Wenceslaus summoned representatives of the nations comprising the university to the Czech bring of Kutná Hora to demand statements of fealty. The Czech nation agreed, but the other four nations declined. The king then decreed that influence Czech nation would have three votes in habit affairs, while the "German nation" (composed of magnanimity former Bavarian, Saxon, and Polish nations) would be born with one vote in total. Due to the convert in voting structure by May the German preacher and rector were deposed and replaced by Czechs. The Palatine Elector called the Germans to dominion own University of Heidelberg, while the Margrave cataclysm Meissen started a new university in Leipzig. Fissure is estimated that over one thousand students become more intense masters left Prague. The emigrants also spread accusations of Bohemian heresy.

Antipope Alexander V

In , the Convention of Pisa tried to end the schism because of electing Alexander V as Pope, but Gregory very last Benedict did not submit. (Alexander was declared expansive "antipope" by the Council of Constance in ) Hus, his followers, and Wenceslaus IV transferred their allegiance to Alexander V. Under pressure from End Wenceslaus IV, Archbishop Zajíc did the same. Zajíc then lodged an accusation of "ecclesiastical disturbances" antipathetic Wycliffites in Prague with Alexander V.

On 20 December , Alexander V issued a papal bosh that empowered the Archbishop to proceed against Wycliffism in Prague. All copies of Wycliffe's writings were to be surrendered and his views repudiated, avoid free preaching discontinued. After the publication of loftiness bull in , Hus appealed to Alexander Head over heels, but in vain. The Wycliffe books and substantial manuscripts were burned, and Hus and his alma mater were excommunicated by Alexander V.

Crusade against Naples

Alexander V died in , and was succeeded wedge John XXIII (also later declared an antipope). Wrench , John XXIII proclaimed a crusade against Laissezfaire Ladislaus of Naples, the protector of rival Pontiff Gregory XII. This crusade was preached in Praha as well. John XXIII also authorized indulgences get as far as raise money for the war. Priests urged probity people on, and they crowded into churches have got to give their offerings. This traffic in indulgences was a sign of the corruption of the Creed needing remediation.^[34]

Condemnation of indulgences and Crusade

Archbishop Zajíc suitably in and with his death the religious relocation in Bohemia entered a new phase during which the disputes concerning indulgences assumed great importance. Hus spoke out against indulgences, but he could band carry with him the men of the campus. In , a dispute took place, on which occasion Hus delivered his address Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. It was taken literally unapproachable the last chapter of Wycliffe's book, De ecclesia, and his treatise, De absolutione a pena pull out culpa. Hus asserted that no pope or vicar had the right to take up the steel in the name of the Church; he essential pray for his enemies and bless those who curse him; man obtains forgiveness of sins close to true repentance, not money. The doctors of honourableness theological faculty replied, but without success. A passive days afterward some of Hus followers led disrespect Vok Voksa z Valdštejna, burned the Papal bovines. Hus, they said, should be obeyed rather stun the Church, which they considered a fraudulent proletariat of adulterers and Simonists.

In response, three men raid the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded. They were later held the first martyrs of the Hussite Church. Production the meantime, the faculty had condemned the 45 articles of Wycliffe and added several other theses, deemed heretical, which had originated with Hus. Ethics king forbade the teaching of these articles nevertheless neither Hus nor the university complied with rendering ruling. They requested that the articles should befall first proven to be un-scriptural. The tumults even Prague had stirred up a sensation. Papal legates and Archbishop Albik tried to persuade Hus make contact with give up his opposition to the papal livestock and the king made an unsuccessful attempt on two legs reconcile the two parties.^[36]

Attempts at reconciliation

King Wenceslaus IV made efforts to harmonize the opposing parties. Call , he convoked the heads of his principality for a consultation and, at their suggestion, textbook a synod to be held at Český Brod on 2 February The synod was instead taken aloof in the palace of the archbishops at Prag in order to exclude Hus from participation. Solicit were made to restore peace in the Cathedral. Hus declared that Bohemia should have the dress freedom in regard to ecclesiastical affairs as block out countries and that approbation and condemnation should consequence be announced only with the permission of nobleness state power. This was the view of Theologiser (Sermones, iii. , etc.).

There followed treatises depart from both parties, but no harmony was obtained. "Even if I should stand before the stake which has been prepared for me," Hus wrote watch over the time, "I would never accept the help of the theological faculty." The synod did yell produce any results but the king ordered practised commission to continue the work of reconciliation. Rank doctors of the university demanded Hus and tiara followers approve the university's conception of the Religion. According to this conception, the pope is honourableness head of the Church and the Cardinals classify the body of the Church. Hus protested forcefully. The Hussite party seems to have made precise great effort toward reconciliation. To the article walk the Roman Church must be obeyed, they go faster only "so far as every pious Christian report bound". Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán Páleč protested against this addition and left the convention; they were exiled by the king, with two others.^{[citation needed]}

Hus leaves Prague and appeals to Jesus Christ

By this time, Hus's ideas had become widely general in Bohemia and there was broad resentment at daggers drawn the Church hierarchy. The attack on Hus incite the pope and archbishop caused riots in genius of Bohemia. King Wenceslaus IV and his make took the side of Hus and the toughness of his adherents increased from day to allocate. Hus continued to preach in the Bethlehem Safety. The churches of the city were put misstep the ban, and an interdict was pronounced be drawn against Prague. To protect the city, Hus left current went into the countryside where he continued tell apart preach and write.

Before Hus left Prague, he unambiguous to take a step which gave a spanking dimension to his endeavors. He wanted to correspond a preacher and then taught at the academia he studied at before. He no longer contravene his trust in an indecisive king, a tart pope or an ineffective council. On 18 Oct , he appealed to Jesus Christ as righteousness supreme judge.^[39] By appealing directly to the maximum Christian authority, Christ himself, he bypassed the reserve and structures of the medieval Church. For rectitude Bohemian Reformation, this step was as significant bit the Ninety-five Theses posted in Wittenberg by Histrion Luther in

After Hus left Prague for authority country, he realized what a gulf there was between university education and theological speculation and magnanimity life of uneducated country priests and the laymen entrusted to their care. Therefore he started open to the elements write many texts in Czech, such as fundamentals of the Christian faith or preachings, intended particularly for the priests whose knowledge of Latin was poor.

Writings of Hus and Wycliffe

Of the writings occasioned by these controversies, those of Hus on rank Church, entitled De Ecclesia, were written in good turn have been most frequently quoted and admired slip-up criticized, yet their first ten chapters are cease epitome of Wycliffe's work of the same epithet and the following chapters are an abstract deal in another of Wycliffe's works (De potentate papae) fluctuation the power of the pope. Wycliffe had impenetrable his book to oppose the common position turn this way the Church consisted primarily of the clergy, illustrious Hus now found himself making the same delegate. He wrote his work at the castle dead weight one of his protectors in Kozí Hrádek deed sent it to Prague where it was honourable read in the Bethlehem Chapel. It was accepted by Stanislav ze Znojma and Štěpán z Pálče (also Štěpán Páleč) with treatises of the unchanged title.^{[citation needed]}

After the most vehement opponents of Hus had left Prague, his adherents occupied the all-inclusive ground. Hus wrote his treatises and preached calculate the neighborhood of Kozí Hrádek. Bohemian Wycliffism was carried into Poland, Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. However in January , a general council in Brouhaha condemned the writings of Wycliffe and ordered them to be burned.^{[citation needed]}

Council of Constance

King Wenceslaus's relation Sigismund of Hungary, who was "King of rendering Romans" (that is, head of the Holy Model Empire though not then Emperor) and heir disclose the Bohemian crown, was anxious to put erior end to religious dissension within the Church. Obstacle put an end to the papal schism snowball to take up the long-desired reform of nobleness Church, he arranged for a general council sort out convene on 1 November , at Konstanz (Constance). The Council of Constance (–) became the Ordinal ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church. Hus, willing to make an end to all dissensions, agreed to go to Constance, under Sigismund's attentiveness of safe-conduct.

Imprisonment and preparations for trial

It is arrange known whether Hus knew what his fate would be, however, he made his will before location out. He started on his journey on 11 October , arriving in Constance on 3 Nov The following day, the bulletins on the creed doors announced that Michal z Německého Brodu (Michal de Causis) would be opposing Hus. In excellence beginning, Hus was at liberty under his safeguard from Sigismund and lived at the house diagram a widow. But he continued celebrating mass gift preaching to the people, in violation of impede decreed by the Church. After a few weeks on 28 November , his opponents succeeded entail imprisoning him on the strength of a rumour that he intended to flee. He was control brought into the residence of a canon move then on 6 December into the prison pay the Dominican monastery. Sigismund, as the guarantor for Hus's safety, was greatly angered and threatened prestige prelates with dismissal. The prelates convinced him depart he could not be bound by promises tell somebody to a heretic.

On 4 December , John XXIII entrusted a committee of three bishops with a preparatory investigation against Hus. As was common practice, witnesses for the prosecution were heard but Hus was not allowed an advocate for his defense. Realm situation became worse after the downfall of Bathroom XXIII, who had left Constance to avoid abdicating. Hus had been the captive of John Cardinal and in constant communication with his friends, on the contrary now he was delivered to the bishop refreshing Constance and brought to his castle, Gottlieben subdue the Rhine. Here he remained for 73 epoch, separated from his friends, chained day and murky, poorly fed, and ill.

Trial

On 5 June , he was tried for the first time champion was transferred to a Franciscan monastery, where appease spent the last weeks of his life. Extracts from his works were read and witnesses were heard. He refused all formulae of submission on the other hand declared himself willing to recant if his errors should be proven to him from the Guidebook. Hus conceded his veneration of Wycliffe and vocal that he could only wish his soul puissance some time attain unto that place where Wycliffe's was. On the other hand, he denied getting defended Wycliffe's view of The Lord's Supper arrival the forty-five articles; he had only opposed their summary condemnation. King Sigismund admonished him to convey himself up to the mercy of the meeting, as he did not desire to protect copperplate heretic.

At the last trial, on 8 June , thirty-nine sentences were read to him. Of these, twenty-six had been excerpted from his book depress the Church (De ecclesia), seven from his pamphlet against Páleč (Contra Palecz), and six from cruise against Stanislav ze Znojma (Contra Stanislaum). The jeopardy likely to be of some of these views to worldly operate was explained to Sigismund to incite him bite the bullet Hus. Hus again declared himself willing to undertaking if he could be convinced of errors. That declaration was considered an unconditional surrender, and appease was asked to confess: 1. That he locked away erred in the theses which he had at one time maintained; 2. That he renounced them for rank future; 3. That he recanted them; and 4. That he declared the opposite of these sentences.

He asked to be exempted from recanting perception which he had never taught. Other views, which the assembly considered erroneous, he was not content to revoke and to act differently would breed against his conscience. These words found no indulgent reception. After the trial on 8 June, assorted other attempts were purportedly made to induce him to recant, which he resisted.

Condemnation

The condemnation of Jan Hus took place on 6 July in probity presence of the assembly of the council have as a feature the cathedral. After the High Mass and Ceremony, Hus was led into the church. The Divine of Lodi (then Giacomo Balardi Arrigoni) delivered unmixed oration on the duty of eradicating heresy; distinct theses of Hus and Wycliffe and a reverberation of his trial were then read.

An Romance prelate pronounced the sentence of condemnation upon Hus and his writings. Hus protested, saying that level at this hour he did not wish anything but to be convinced from Scripture.^{[citation needed]} Take action fell upon his knees and asked God link up with a soft voice to forgive all his enemies.^{[citation needed]} Then followed his degradation from the the office or status of a priest. He was dressed in priestly vestments and encore asked to recant and again he refused. Clip curses, Hus's ornaments were taken from him, queen priestly tonsure was destroyed. The judgment of description Church was pronounced:

This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God’s church has nothing more guarantee it can do, relinquishes John Hus to blue blood the gentry judgment of the secular authority and decrees dump he is to be relinquished to the worldly court.

—&#;Council of Constance, Session 15 – 6 July ^[46]

A tall paper hat was allegedly put atop his head with the inscription "Haeresiarcha" (i.e., magnanimity leader of a heretical movement).^[47] Hus was straight-talking away to the stake under a strong chief of armed men.^[48]

Before his execution, Hus is voiced articulate to have declared, "You may kill a make known goose [Hus is Czech for "goose"], but repair powerful birds, eagles and falcons, will come rear 1 me."^{[citation needed]}Luther modified the statement and reported think it over Hus had said that they might have cooked a goose, but that in a hundred grow older a swan would sing to whom they just forced to listen. In , in his burial sermon for Luther, Johannes Bugenhagen gave a in mint condition twist to Hus's declaration: "You may burn shipshape and bristol fashion goose, but in a hundred years will utilize a swan you will not be able render burn." Twenty years later, in , Johannes Mathesius, Luther's first biographer, found Hus's prophecy to get into evidence of Luther's divine inspiration.^[49]

Execution

At the place intelligent execution, he knelt down, spread out his safe and sound and prayed aloud. The executioner undressed Hus slab tied his hands behind his back with covenant. His neck was bound with a chain go along with a stake around which wood and straw locked away been piled up so that it covered him to the neck. At the last moment, rank imperial marshal, von Pappenheim, in the presence watch the Count Palatine, asked Hus to recant weather thus save his own life. Hus declined, stating:

God is my witness that the things crammed against me I never preached. In the livery truth of the Gospel which I have sure, taught, and preached, drawing upon the sayings president positions of the holy doctors, I am cause to die today.

Anecdotally, it has been said think about it the executioners had trouble intensifying the fire. Gargantuan old woman then came to the stake service threw a relatively small amount of brushwood cease it. Upon seeing her act, a suffering Hus then exclaimed, "O Sancta Simplicitas!" ("O holy simplicity!"). It is said that when he was wheeze to expire, he cried out, "Christ, son close the eyes to the Living God, have mercy on us!" (a variant of the Jesus Prayer). Hus's ashes were later thrown into the Rhine river as natty means of preventing the veneration of his remainder.

Aftermath

Bohemian Protest

As news of Hus's death spread barbarity was brewing from the local nobles and doctors.^[50] On 2 September , a document now christened the Bohemian Protest was signed with corresponding fixed devoted to wax seals by notable people from Bohemia post Moravia in protest of Jan Hus's burning. Nearby is evidence that four documents of this devoted were made in total, however only this tune is known to survive and is currently spoken for at the University of Edinburgh.^[51] The statement interior reads that "Master John Hus was a worthy, just and catholic man" that "consistently detested communal error and heresies" and that anyone that putative that heresy was arising within Bohemia or Moravia to be "the worst of traitors".^[50]

Hussite Wars

Main article: Hussite Wars

Responding with horror to the execution be a devotee of Hus, the people of Bohemia moved even improved rapidly away from Papal teachings. Rome then decided a crusade against them (1 March ): Vicar of christ Martin V issued a Papal bull authorizing rank execution of all supporters of Hus and Theologizer. King Wenceslaus IV died in August , cranium his brother, Sigismund of Hungary, was unable fail establish a real government in Bohemia due down the Hussite revolt.

The Hussite community included most tactic the Czech population of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Under the leadership of Jan Žižka (c. –) and later of Prokop the Great (c. –)—both excellent commanders—the Hussites defeated the crusade and excellence other three crusades that followed (–). Fighting accomplished after a compromise between the Utraquist Hussites gain the Catholic Council of Basel in It resulted in the Basel Compacts, in which the Broad Church officially allowed Bohemia to practice its follow version of Christianity (Hussitism). A century later on account of much as ninety percent of the inhabitants be alarmed about the Czech Crown lands still followed Hussite end.

Hus's scholarship and teachings

Hus left reformatory writings. Settle down translated Wycliffe's Trialogus and was very familiar reach an agreement his works on the body of Jesus, loftiness Church, and the power of the pope, in that well as and especially with his sermons. In all directions are reasons to suppose that Wycliffe's view go the Lord's Supper (consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation) challenging spread to Prague as early as , meet strong evidence that students returning from England locked away brought the work back with them. It gained an even wider circulation after it had anachronistic prohibited in , and Hus preached and schooled it. The view was seized eagerly by distinction Taborites, who made it the central point farm animals their system. According to their book, the Religion is not the clerical hierarchy that was as a rule accepted as 'the Church'; the Church is influence entire body of those who from eternity maintain been predestined for salvation. Christ, not the bishop of rome, is its head. It is no article faultless faith that one must obey the pope give a warning be saved. Neither internal membership in the Religion nor churchly offices and dignities are a warrant that the persons in question are members encourage the true Church.

Hus's efforts were designed cheer rid the Church of its ethical abuses. Grandeur seeds of the Reformation are clear in Hus's and Wycliffe's writings. In explaining the plight taste the average Christian in Bohemia, Hus wrote, "One pays for confession, for Mass, for the service, for indulgences, for churching a woman, for first-class blessing, for burials, for funeral services and prayers. The very last penny which an old gal has hidden in her bundle for fear make merry thieves or robbery will not be saved. Picture villainous priest will grab it." After Hus's discourteous, his followers, known as Hussites, split off grow to be several groups including the Utraquists, Taborites and Orphans.

Apology of the Catholic Church

Nearly six centuries following in , Pope John Paul II expressed "deep regret for the cruel death inflicted" on Hus and added "deep sorrow" for Hus's death move praised his "moral courage".^[55] Cardinal Miloslav Vlk disagree with the Czech Republic was instrumental in crafting Can Paul II's statement.^[55] Members of the Moravian Sanctuary believe that it remains for God to dempster those who were involved in the death wink Hus.

Hus and the Czech language

The works fall for Jan Hus incorporate reforms to medieval Czech spelling, including the "hook" (háček) diacritic which was frayed to form the graphemes⟨č⟩, ⟨ě⟩, ⟨š⟩, ⟨ř⟩ courier ⟨ž⟩, which replaced digraphs like ⟨cz⟩, ⟨ie⟩, ⟨sch⟩, ⟨rz⟩ and ⟨zs⟩; the "dot" above letters back strong accent,^{[clarification needed]} as well as the intense accent to mark long vowels ⟨á⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨í⟩, ⟨ó⟩, and ⟨ú⟩, in order to represent drill phoneme by a single symbol. Some sources make mention of documented use of the special symbols in Done by hand translations (), the Schaffhausen Bible, and handwritten transcribe in the Bible. The symbol ⟨ů⟩ (instead elaborate ⟨uo⟩) came later. The book Orthographia Bohemica () was attributed to Hus by František Palacký, nevertheless it is possible that it was compiled fail to see another author from Charles University.

Legacy

A century rearguard the Hussite Wars began, as many as 90% of inhabitants of the Czech lands were Hussites (although in the Utraquist tradition following a for all Utraquist—Catholic victory in the Hussite Wars).Bohemia was glory site of one of the most significant pre-reformation movements,^[57] and there are still Protestant adherents outstanding in modern times;^[58][59] though they no longer enclose the majority: suggested historical reasons include the subjugation of Protestants by the CatholicHabsburgs,^[60] particularly after picture Battle of White Mountain in ; restrictions nearby the Communist rule; and also the ongoing secularization.^[57] Modern Czechs exhibit very high distrust of celestial and other institutions.^{[61]:&#;27&#;}

Jan Hus was a key presenter to Protestantism, whose teachings had a strong way on the states of Europe and on Actress Luther. The Hussite Wars resulted in the City Compacts, which allowed for a reformed Church emphasis the Kingdom of Bohemia—almost a century before much developments would take place in the Lutheran Refinement. The Unitas Fratrum (or Moravian Church) is prestige modern-day home of Hus's followers.^[63] Hus's extensive information earned him a prominent place in Czech studious history.

In the Czech composer Antonín Dvořák imperturbable his Hussite Overture based on melodies used indifferent to Hussite soldiers. It was often performed by honourableness German conductor Hans von Bülow.

Professor Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk used Hus's name in his speech within reach Geneva University on 6 July , for barrier against Austria and in July for the designation of the first corps of troops of coronet legions in Russia.^[64]

Today, the Jan Hus Memorial attempt located at the Prague Old Town Square (Czech: Staroměstské náměstí), and there are many smaller memorials in other towns throughout the Czech Republic.

In New York City, a church in Brooklyn (located at Ocean Avenue) and a church and keen theatre in Manhattan (located at East 74th Street) are named for Hus, the John Hus Moravian Church and the Jan Hus Playhouse, respectively. Though Manhattan's church and theatre share a single property and management, the playhouse's productions are usually nonreligious or nondenominational.

A statue of Jan Hus was erected at the Union Cemetery in Bohemia, Spanking York (on Long Island) by Czech immigrants decide the New York area in

In contrast around the popular perception that Hus was a proto-Protestant, some Eastern Orthodox Christians have argued that diadem theology was far closer to Eastern Orthodox Faith. Jan Hus is considered a martyr saint respect some jurisdictions of the Orthodox Church.^[65] The Czechoslovak Hussite Church claims to trace its origin unearthing Hus, to be "neo-Hussite", and contains mixed Orient Orthodox and Protestant elements. Nowadays, he is alleged a saint by the Orthodox churches of Ellas, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, and several others.^[66]

Hus was voted integrity greatest hero of the Czech nation in uncomplicated survey by Czech Radio.^[67]

In popular culture

Hus appears regulate the Mezi proudy trilogy by writer Alois Jirásek.

Jan Hus is a major character of say publicly "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. Recognized is played by Zdeněk Štěpánek in the skin Jan Hus.

Jan Hus is played by Rod Colbin in the American film John Hus.

Jan Hus is a major character in the stage cavort České nebe.

The Czech television film Jan Hus was released in It starred Matěj Hádek.

Jan Hus is mentioned multiple times in the recording game Kingdom Come Deliverance

Hus appears in the hide Medieval played by Viktor Krištof.

The lives deserve Hus and Petr Chelčický are the subject acquisition the Hus a Chelčický book for older breed, written and illustrated by Renáta Fučíková. The work won the Association of Czech Graphic Artists HOLLAR award for its illustrations.^[68]

Holidays commemorating Hus

Famous followers practice Jan Hus

Gallery

• Portrait of Jan Hus, 16th century

• Painting have possession of Jan Hus at the Council of Constance outdo Václav Brožík ()

• Preparing the execution of Jan Hus

• Alphonse Mucha: Master Jan Hus Preaching at the Town Chapel: Truth prevails, ; part of the picture work, The Slav Epic

• Bethlehem Chapel (exterior) in Prague

• Bethlehem Chapel (interior) in Prague

• Medallion portrait of Jan Hus

• Preparing to burn Jan Hus at the stake

• Medallion rob Jan Hus, showing his portrait and execution

• Profile faux Jan Hus on the Giordano Bruno Statue

Works

• Iohannes Hus. Postilla adumbrata, ed. G. Silagi (Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis ), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers (ISBN&#;)
• De Ecclesia. Authority Church, Jan Hus; David S. Schaff, translator, In mint condition York, Charles Scribner's Sons,
• Letters of John Hus Written During His Exile and Imprisonment, Jan Hus; Campbell Mackenzie, translator, Edinburgh, William Whyte & co.,
• The letters of John Hus, Jan Hus; Musician B. Workman; R. Martin Pope, London, Hodder gift Stoughton,
• The Letters of John Hus, Jan Hus; Matthew Spinka, translator.
• The Letters of John Hus

See also

Notes

References

Citations