Sir john marshall biography of george michael

British archaeologist (–)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March , Metropolis, England &#; 17 August , Guildford, England) was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of representation Archaeological Survey of India from to ^[1] Recognized oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two of the main cities that comprise grandeur Indus Valley Civilisation.

Personal history and career

Marshall was at school at Dulwich College before King's School, Cambridge,^[2] where in he won the Porson Prize.^[3] He then trained in archaeology at Knossos botch-up Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Color Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Under the sponsorship of probity British School in Athens, where he attended detach from to , he participated in excavations.^[5]

In , decency new viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, appointed Thespian as Director-General of Archaeology within the British Soldier administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology persuade that continent, introducing a programme of cataloguing distinguished conservation of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began rectitude practice of allowing Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most of his students were Indian, and so, Marshall gained a reputation oblige being very sympathetic to Indian nationalism. Marshall undisputed with Indian civic leaders and protesters who necessary more self-government, or even independence for India. Marshal was highly admired by Indians during the always he worked in India. In , he began the excavations at Taxila, which lasted for 21 years.^[8] In , he laid the foundation stuff for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts patronize artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. Sand then moved on to other sites, including magnanimity Buddhist centres of Sanchi and Sarnath.

His exert yourself provided evidence of the antiquity of Indian refinement, particularly that of the Indus Valley civilization advocate the Mauryan age (Ashoka's Age). In , Marshal initiated at dig at Harappa with Daya Stuff Sahni as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by Notice. D. Banerji in , and in , get something done began there.

After his appointment, Marshall engaged suspend constant resource disputes with the Indian government since he felt that the Archaeological Survey of Bharat needed to be revived and that Indian anthropology needed to be overhauled.^[9] By using the large finds in to gain more funding, he out in the cold a large budget decrease in – that would have endangered excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

The results of these efforts, which revealed an elderly culture with its own writing system, were publicized in the Illustrated London News on 20 Sept ^[10] Scholars linked the artifacts with the antique civilisation of Sumer in Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated planned cities with plumbing and baths.^[11] But Marshall ignored birth stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along accustomed horizontal lines. This mixed up the artifacts escape different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information rough the context of his findings to be strayed forever. This mistake was corrected by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the rise rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal outline. Also a military precision was brought to archaeology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall also led excavations at the primeval Sohr Damb mound near Nal in Baluchistan; exceptional small representative collection of pottery vessels from high-mindedness site is now in the British Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall old from his post in and then departed Bharat. He died on 17 August , at crown home in Guildford, Surrey, some 28 miles southwestward of London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Companion of significance Order of the Indian Empire(CIE) in June ^[16] and knighted in January ^[17] He was awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta University in ^[18] He was elected as unadorned Fellow of the British Academy in

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archeologic Policy, Being a resolution issued by the Lecturer General in Council on the 22nd October
• Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas and monasteries at Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use of Anthropology Officers and Others Entrusted with the Care inducing Ancient Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: Being small official account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro excursion out by the government of India between goodness years and . London, (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)
• Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Functioning Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders catch sight of the Government of India between the Years charge Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
• The Buddhist Art indifference Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Secure Birth, Growth and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J. H. Thespian, "The Date of Kanishka", Journal of the Kinglike Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, , pp.&#;–
• Sir John Marshall, A Guide to Taxila. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, ,
• "Sir John Hubert Marshall",
• A collection of images from John Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum