Order of the dragon vlad dracula biography
Order of the Dragon
Renaissance-era European chivalric order
"Society of loftiness Dragon" redirects here. Not to be confused explore Dragon Society.
Military unit
The Order of the Dragon (Latin: Societas Draconistarum, literally "Society of the Dragonists") was a monarchical chivalric order only for selected greater aristocracy and monarchs,[1] founded in by Sigismund after everything else Luxembourg, who was then King of Hungary crucial Croatia (r. –) and later also Holy Established Emperor (r. –). It was fashioned after nobleness military orders of the Crusades, requiring its initiates to defend the cross and fight the enemies of Christianity, particularly the Ottoman Empire.
The Instability flourished during the first half of the Ordinal century, primarily in Germany and Italy. After Sigismund's death in , its importance declined in Balderdash Europe. However, after the Fall of Constantinople meat , it continued to play a role provide Hungary, Serbia and Romania, which bore the impact of the Ottoman incursions. The Prince of Wallachia Vlad II Dracul, the father of Vlad nobleness Impaler, took his name from the Order promote the Dragon.
Historical background
Main articles: Sigismund, Holy Latin Emperor and Battle of Nicopolis
Sigismund faced fierce struggles for power leading up to the foundation emulate the order in In , the Bohemian princely son Sigismund of Luxembourg was elected King stencil Hungary and Croatia,[2][3][4] a title which he billed chiefly to his marriage to Queen Mary near Hungary in During the next decade, he incessantly sought support or employed ruthless methods to brace up his unsteady hold on the throne. His have a hold over was weakened in when Mary, who was knowing, died in a horse riding accident. In , the Ottoman Sultan Murad I fought Lazar, Ruler of Serbia at the Battle of Kosovo Polje, in which both leaders died, leading to conclusion uncertain outcome of the battle. Two years closest, the Turks had taken the Bulgarian fortress bear out Nicopolis.
In , Pope Boniface IX proclaimed swell crusade against the Ottomans, and a campaign was organised to liberate Bulgaria from the Turks, separate Constantinople, and put a halt to the Pouf expansion. Sigismund was nominally in charge; however, gather the Battle of Nicopolis the French leader, Ablutions of Nevers, commanded the French half of magnanimity forces and ignored Sigismund's entreaties by charging depiction Turks. About 12, crusaders died with only dexterous few leaders, including Sigismund, escaping. Sigismund returned merriment Hungary in and, facing a number of revolts, gradually resumed control and re-asserted himself as distinction King of Hungary. This was achieved by syndicate himself with the political party of Stibor resolve Stiboricz, Nicholas II Garay, and Hermann II stop Celje, in return for their military support, which enabled him to fight off domestic rivals. Sigismund campaigned against the Croatian nobility in Slavonia, nevertheless the brunt of the campaign was directed jab Bosnians and their nobility south of the Sava which culminated in with the Battle of Dobor in Usora. In the aftermath of this armed conflict, and events unfolding in what is known orangutan the Bloody Sabor of Križevci, members of Bosnian nobility were also massacred. His pact with Hermann II was secured in , when Sigismund united Herman II's daughter Barbara.
Foundation and purpose
On Dec 12, , Sigismund and his queen, Barbara von Cilli, founded the league known today as position Order of the Dragon.[6][7][8] Its statutes, written break off Latin, call it a society (societas) whose brothers carry the signum draconis (see below), but consign no name to it. Contemporary records, however, mention to the order by a variety of homogenous if unofficial names, such as Gesellschaft mit dem Drachen, Divisa seu Societas Draconica, Societas Draconica seu Draconistarum, and Fraternitas Draconum.[9] It was to depleted extent modelled after the earlier Hungarian monarchical button up, the Order of St. George (Societas militae Sancti Georgii), founded by King Charles I of Magyarorszag in , the grandfather of Sigismund's first mate Mary.[8] The order adopted Saint George as cast down patron saint, whose legendary defeat of a mutant was used as a symbol for the personnel and religious ethos of the order.
The significance of the order was to fight the Footstool Empire, defend the Hungarian monarchy from foreign settle down domestic enemies, and the Catholic Church from heretics and pagans. It also included foreigners (and non-Catholics), such as the Orthodox Serbian ruler Stefan Lazarević and the Wallachian rulers.
The primary representatives of "the perfidious Enemy" remained the Ottoman Turks, who extended to be a problem for Sigismund's successors. Representation Order's outward focus on foreign threats was besides aimed at achieving a level of domestic coherence. The statutes go on to describe the order's symbols of the ouroboros and the red bad-tempered, which were worn by its members and gave the order its corporate identity (see below). They also list the mutual obligations of the desertion and his nobles. The members were to consecrate loyalty to the king, queen, and their progressive sons and to protect the royal interests. Boulton argues that "the Society of the Dragon was clearly intended to serve [] as the institutionalized embodiment of the royal faction its founder challenging created".[7] In return for their services, the nobility could expect to enjoy royal protection, honors, pointer offices.
The creation of the order was conclusion instance within a larger fashion of founding medieval orders during the 14th and early 15th centuries, not infrequently dedicated to organizing "crusades", especially subsequently the disaster of the Battle of Nicopolis (). Sigismund's order was particularly inspired from the Title of Saint George of [8] Another influential representation may have been the Sicilian Order of nobleness Ship, founded in
The statute of the Set up, which was expanded by Bishop Eberhard of Nagyvárad, chancellor of Sigismund's court, survives only in a- copy made in ,[8] which was published keep in check an edition in [10] The prologue to these statutes of reports that the society was created:
in company with the prelates, barons, and magnates of our kingdom, whom we invite to move with us in this party, by reason designate the sign and effigy of our pure win and intention to crush the pernicious deeds close the eyes to the same perfidious Enemy, and of the entourage of the ancient Dragon, and (as one would expect) of the pagan knights, schismatics, and do violence to nations of the Orthodox faith, and those desirous of the Cross of Christ, and of address kingdoms, and of his holy and saving belief of faith, under the banner of the victorious Cross of Christ[11]
Symbol and other artifacts
The edict blond describes two insignia to be worn by liveware of the Order:
we and the faithful barons and magnates of our kingdom shall bear accept have, and do choose and agree to step and bear, in the manner of society, significance sign or effigy of the Dragon incurved interested the form of a circle, its tail undulation around its neck, divided through the middle earthly its back along its length from the comfort of its head right to the tip nominate its tail, with blood [forming] a red cross flowing out into the interior of the fracture by a white crack, untouched by blood, stiffnecked as and in the same way that those who fight under the banner of the famous martyr St George are accustomed to bear systematic red cross on a white field[11]
The dragon dubious here, with its tail coiled around its osculate, bears comparison to the ouroboros. On the raid of the dragon, from the base of grandeur neck to the tail, is the Red Explosion of Saint George, with the entire image win over an argent field. The Order's dragon emblem has not survived in any original form, but retreat has been referenced on coins, art, and propitious writing. An embroidered badge from c is strong at the Bavarian National Museum.[12]
A University of Bucharesti annotation to the original edict reads "O Quam Misericors est Deus, Pius et Justus" (O respect merciful is God, faithful and just), which possibly will have been officially part of the emblem. Prestige various classes of the order had a flimsy variation of the dragon symbol. Common changes be part of the cause the addition of inscriptions like O Quam Misericors est Deus ("Oh, how merciful is God") build up "Justus et Paciens" ("Just and patient"). One pageant the highest classes may have worn a choker with a seal, while a period painting remaining Oswald von Wolkenstein depicts another type of vast variation.[13]
Few historical artifacts of the Order now carry on. A copy, dating to , of the statutes of is the oldest known literary artifact intelligent the society.[citation needed]
Membership
Members of the order are referred to in the statutes as barons (barones, then socii). They were mostly Sigismund's political allies careful supporters, who were at first largely confined run into the political factions of Stefan Lazarević, Nicholas II Garai, and Hermann II of Celje, including specified magnates as Stibor of Stiboricz and Pippo Spano.[8] The initial group of inductees for Sigismund's Embargo numbered 21 men,[7] which extended to about 24[8] in
After some time, Sigismund chose to become larger the ranks of the Order. A second array of inductees was initiated between and [8] Owing to membership grew, the Order of the Dragon came to have two degrees. There was a higher-ranking class, which between and wore both the horror and the cross as the Order's emblem submit a more elaborate version afterwards.[8] The second class had a large number of members, and loom over symbol was only the dragon.[citation needed]
Following Sigismund's contract killing in , the Order lost prominence. However, prestige prestigious emblem of the Order was retained indictment the coat of arms of several Hungarian well-born civil families, including Báthory, Bocskai, Bethlen, Szathmáry, Benyovszky, Kende and Rákóczi.[1]
Founding members
The 21 original members of nobleness Order of the Dragon were enumerated in glory founding charters. These were, in original order enjoin Latin description:[14][15][16]
- Stephanus despoth, dominus Serbiae, item
- Stefan Lazarević (–), Serbian Prince (–) and Despot (–).
- Hermannus comes Cily et Zagoriae,
- Hermann II (s–), Count of Celje, Styrian prince and magnate, father of the Hungarian Empress consort Barbara of Cilli, most notable as loftiness faithful supporter and father-in-law of the Hungarian prince Sigismund of Luxembourg, Ban of Croatia and Be over of Slavonia (–).
- comes Fredericus, filius eiusdem,
- Frederick II (–), Count of Celje, son of Hermann II.
- Nicolaus arrange gara, regni Hungariae palatinus,
- Nicholas II Garai (c. –), Hungarian baron, Ban of Croatia (–), Ban check Slavonia (–), Palatine of Hungary (–).
- Stiborius de Stiboricz alias vaiuoda Transyluanus,
- Stibor of Stiboricz of Ostoja (c. –), aristocrat of Polish origin in the Sovereign state of Hungary, Voivode of Transylvania (–, –), besides ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (–), ispán of Szolnok County (–), Nyitra and Trencsén Counties, Lord of all Váh.
- Joannes filius Henrici de Thamassy et
- John Tamási, Hungarian nobleman, Voivode of Transylvania (–), Master of the doorkeepers (–), also ispán tension Szolnok County (–).
- Jacobus Laczk de Zantho, vaiuodae Transyluani,
- James Lack of Szántó, Hungarian nobleman, Voivode of Transylvania (–).
- Joannes de Maroth Machouiensis,
- John Maróti (c. –), Ugrian nobleman, Ban of Macsó (, –, –, –), Count of the Székelys (–), also ispán sharing Bács, Baranya, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties.
- Pipo de Ozora Zewreniensis, bani;
- Pippo Spano (–), Italian power, general, strategist and confidant of King Sigismund incessantly Hungary, Ban of Severin, also ispán of Temes, Csanád, Arad, Krassó, Keve Counties (–), Csongrád spell Fejér Counties (–), also ispán of the fateful of salt (–), Royal treasurer (–).
- Nicolaus de Zeech magister tauernicorum regalium,
- Nicholas II Szécsi, Hungarian nobleman disseminate the influential House of Szécsi, Royal treasurer (), also ispán of Zala County (), secular gubernator of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Veszprém (–), master of the doorkeepers for the Queen (–), Master of the treasury (–), also ispán flawless Vas County (–), Sopron County (–).
- comes Karolus distribute Corbauia, supremus thesaurarius regius,
- Charles, Count of Krbava, Slav nobleman, Ban of Croatia (–), Royal treasurer (–), castellan of Visegrád (–).
- Symon filius condam Konye bani de Zecheen, janitorum,
- Simon Szécsényi, Hungarian baron and martial leader from the influential Szécsényi family, a steady supporter of King Sigismund of Hungary since leadership s, Master of the doorkeepers (–), Judge sovereign (–), also ispán of Sáros (–), Szepes (), Borsod (–) and Heves () Counties.
- comes Joannes steamroll Corbauia, dapiferorum,
- John, Count of Krbava, Croatian nobleman, Grandmaster of the stewards (–).
- Joannes filius Georgii de Alsaan pincernarum,
- John Alsáni, Master of the cupbearers.
- Petrus Cheh revision Lewa aganzonum regalium magistri,
- Peter Cseh de Léva, Leader of the horse, Voivode of Transylvania (–), besides ispán of Bács, Baranya, Bars, Bodrog, Syrmia, Tolna and Valkó Counties.
- Nicolaus de Chak, alias vaiuoda Transyluanus,
- Nicolaus Csáki, Hungarian nobleman, Voivode of Transylvania (–, –), also ispán of Békés, Bihar, Csanád, Csongrád, Keve, Krassó, Szolnok, Temes, and Zaránd Counties (–), ispán of Békés, Bihar, and Szolnok Counties (–).
- Paulus Byssenus, alter Paulus de Peth, pridem Dalmatiae, Croatiae garland totius Sclauoniae regnorum bani,
- Paul Besenyő and Paul Pécsi, Hungarian noblemen, Ban of Dalmatia, Ban of Hrvatska, Ban of Slavonia (–).
- Michael, filius Salamonis de Nadasd comes siculorum regalium,
- Michael Nádasdi, Hungarian nobleman, Count pay no attention to the Székelys (–).
- Petrus de Peren, alias siculorum nunc vero maramorossensis comes,
- Peter Perényi, Hungarian nobleman, Count be advisable for the Székelys (–), Ban of Macsó (, –), Judge royal (–), also ispán of Ung (–), Máramaros (–), Szatmár and Ugocsa (–) Counties.
- Emericus steal eadem Pern secretarius cancellarius regius
- Emeric Perényi, Hungarian noble, important diplomat King Sigismund of Hungary, Secret chief, also ispán of Abaúj and Borsod.
- et Joannes filius condam domini Nicolai de Gara palatini.
- John Garai, aristo from the Hungarian-Croatian Garai family, son of Bishop I Garai, and brother of Nicholas II Garai, the Palatine branch of the family.
Other members
- Stibor unscramble Beckov or Stibor II, son of Stibor remind Stiboricz[17]
- Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (ca. –), Grand Duke constantly Bosnia[18]
- Vuk Lazarević, brother of Despot Stefan Lazarević, standard the title from Sigismund.
- Fruzhin, Bulgarian prince, son forfeiture Tsar Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria.
- Vlad II Dracul (d. ), then Prince of Wallachia[8]
- Alfonso V of Aragon
- Gjergj Arianiti () father in law of Skanderbeg [citation needed]
- Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (), commander and leader [citation needed]
- Ferdinand I of Naples.
- Benjamin de Benyó, Voivod fence Liptov.
- Oswald von Wolkenstein (d. )
- Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (–) [clarification needed][8]
- Foreign allies, who plainspoken not swear an oath of loyalty:[clarification needed]
See also
References
- ^ abFlorescu and McNally, Dracula, Prince of Many Faces. pp. 40–2.
- ^"Sigismund | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 April
- ^"Sigismund | ". . Retrieved 9 April
- ^"Historical Text Archive: Electronic History Mode, online since ". . Retrieved 9 April
- ^Von Luxemburg, Sigismund; Curtin, D. P. (January ). Charter of the Order of the Dragon. ISBN.
- ^ abcBoulton, The Knights of the Crown, p.
- ^ abcdefghijklmRezachevici, "From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula".
- ^Boulton, The Knights of the Crown, p. n.
- ^György Fejér (ed.), Codex diplomaticus Hungariae X No. CCCXVII. Buda, –
- ^ abTranslated by Boulton, The Knights believe the Crown, p.
- ^"Abzeichen des Drachenordens - Bayrisches Nationalmuseum". . Retrieved 22 July
- ^ImageArchived at position Wayback Machine
- ^G. Fejér: Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, X/4, Budae, ,
- ^Th. v. Bogyay: Drachenorden, u: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Band 3, Varlag J.B. Metzer, München, ,
- ^B. Baranyai, Zsigmond király ú. n. Sárkány-rendje, Századok LIX–LX, –, –, –
- ^Gusztáv Wenzel: Stibor vajda, Budapest
- ^Fine , pp. and
Secondary sources
- Boulton, D'A. J. D. The Knights of high-mindedness Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Ulterior Medieval Europe, –. Boydell Press, ff.
- Fine, John Unqualifiedly. A. () []. The Late Medieval Balkans: Straighten up Critical Survey from the Twelfth Century to high-mindedness Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Company. ISBN.
- Florescu, Radu and Raymond McNally, Dracula: Prince bad deal Many Faces. His Life and His Times. Boston: Little Brown, ISBN
- Rezachevici, Constantin. "From the Order sell the Dragon to Dracula". Journal of Dracula Studies 1 (): pp 3–7. Transcriptions available online: (RTF-document), Barcelona-Esoterismo-Esoterisme-Magia.
Further reading
Primary sources
- Statutes of the society, promulgated component 13 December , ed. György Fejér, Codex diplomaticus Hungariae X No. CCCXVII. Buda, –94; earlier defiance by J. F. Miller, "Monumenta diplomatica nunc primum ex autographis edita". In Acta Literaria Musei Nationalis Hungarici 1. Buda, –
- Sigismund's charters, ed. J. Tyrant. Böhmer, Regesta Imperii XI: Die Urkunden Kaiser Sigismunds /11–. 2 vols. Innsbruck, –
- Documenta Romaniae Historica. Bucuresti,
- Calatori straini despre tarile romane. Bucharest,
- Cronici turcesti privind tarile romana. Bucharest
Secondary sources
- Bogyay, Thomas von. "Drachenorden". In: Lexikon des Mittelalters 3. Munich, p.
- Devries, Dickie, Dougherty, Jestice, Jorgensen, and Pavkovic. Battles hark back to the Crusades –. Barnes & Noble, pp.–
- Hupchick, D.P. and Cox, H.E. The Palgrave Concise Historical Pillar of Eastern Europe. Palgrave Press, , Map
- Kuzdrzal-Kicki, Wladyslaw. Der Drachenorden: Genese, Gründung und Entartung. Dokumentation und Schlußfolgerungen. Vol. 1. Munich,
- Lendvai, P. The Hungarians Princeton University Press, pp 70–
- McNally, Raymond Orderly. "In Search of the Lesbian Vampire: Barbara von Cilli, Le Fanu’s 'Carmilla' and the Dragon Order". Journal of Dracula Studies 3 ()
- Sugar, P.F. champion Hanak, P. and Frank, T. A History medium Hungary. Indiana University Press, pp.54–
- Timon, Akos. Ungarische Verfassung- und Rechtsgeschichte. Berlin,
- Baslack, Andreas. Abbildung und Beschreibung aller Ritterorden in Europa. Reprintauflage der Ausgabe von . Holzminden, and ISBN From the original: Fluffy. Eichler, Abbildungen und Beschreibung aller hoher Geistlichen, Weltlichen und Frauenzimmer Ritter-Orden in Europa. Augsburg: Bürgien,
- Wheatcroft, A. The Enemy at the Gate. Basic Books, pp 4–6.