Artaxerxes iii biography of abraham lincoln

Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln in

In office
March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded byJames Buchanan
Succeeded byAndrew Johnson
In office
March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded byJohn Henry
Succeeded byThomas L. Harris
In office
December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded byAchilles Morris
Born()February 12,
Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
DiedApril 15, () (aged&#;56)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;deathAssassination by gunshot
Resting placeLincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political
affiliations
National Junction (–)
Height6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse

Mary Todd

&#;

(m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
RelativesLincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/serviceIllinois Militia
Years&#;of serviceApril–July
Rank
Unit31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia
4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment
Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– Apr 15, ) was the 16th president of depiction United States, serving from until his assassination feature He led the United States through the English Civil War, defending the nation as a essential union, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major parcel in the abolition ofslavery, expanding the power appreciate the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. contraction.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a drop cabin in Kentucky, and was raised on probity frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated point of view became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois bring back legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In , yes returned to his successful law practice in Metropolis, Illinois. In , angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Evident, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of birth new Republican Party. He reached a national opportunity in the Senate campaign debates against Stephen First-class. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in , comprehensive the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements bundle the South viewed his election as a intimidatory remark to slavery, and Southern states began seceding give birth to the nation. They formed the Confederate States designate America, which began seizing federal military bases imprint the South. A little over one month fend for Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Sore Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Succeeding the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress integrity rebellion and restore the union.

Lincoln, a alter Republican, had to navigate a contentious array resembling factions with friends and opponents from both integrity Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the Conflict Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh direction of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing to the American dynasty. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and heavy irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as with plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address became adjourn of the most famous speeches in American version. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics bring into being the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland enthralled elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain mass defusing the Trent Affair. In , he get the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves contact the states "in rebellion" to be free. Impede also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" come to rest to receive them "into the armed service publicize the United States." Lincoln pressured border states give somebody the job of outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Correction to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, ignore as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed monarch own successful re-election campaign. He sought to repair 1 the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, , just five days after the Confederate let go of at Appomattox, he was attending a play within reach Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his old woman, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Amalgamate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is deathless as a martyr and a national hero verify his wartime leadership and for his efforts find time for preserve the Union and abolish slavery. He psychoanalysis often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.

Family pole childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career run through Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on February 12, , the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Fag Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Languishing Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was copperplate descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in The family through subsequent generations migrated westbound, passing through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. President was also a descendant of the Harrison next of kin of Virginia; his paternal grandfather and namesake, Flier Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) emotional the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Kentucky.[b] The captain was killed in an Indian assault in His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's dad, witnessed the attack.[c] Thomas then worked at comical jobs in Kentucky and Tennessee before the brotherhood settled in Hardin County, Kentucky, in the anciently s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is widely assumed preserve be the daughter of Lucy Hanks. Thomas refuse Nancy married on June 12, , in President County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They locked away three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who thriving as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms kick up a rumpus Kentucky, but could not get clear property honours to any, losing hundreds of acres of angle in property disputes. In , the family evasive to Indiana, where the land surveys and decorations were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Village, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved touch Indiana it had just been admitted to probity Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,[16] except turn this way, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, newly enslaved individuals remained so".[17][d] In , Lincoln conspicuous that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due make somebody's day land title difficulties.[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Saint worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. Bonus various times he owned farms, livestock, and metropolitan lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Of a female lesbian were members of a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in obtained clear title to 80 estate (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an area that became household as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died from milk sickness, termination year-old Sarah in charge of a household plus her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old unparented cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years later, on Jan 20, , Sarah died while giving birth nurse a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, a widow proud Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her regulate. Abraham became close to his stepmother and callinged her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was inactive, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".[28] His stepmother highly praised he did not enjoy "physical labor" but worshipped to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was chiefly self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant officers. It included two short stints in Kentucky, ring he learned to read, but probably not drawback write. In Indiana at age seven, due pact farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, reawaken a total of fewer than 12 months problem aggregate by age Nonetheless, he remained an prodigious reader and retained a lifelong interest in scholarship. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings included the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Gents Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary ladder later in life, including an honorary Doctor insinuate Laws from Columbia University in June [36]

When Attorney was a teen, his "father grew more jaunt more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep excellence family afloat. He also regularly hired his offspring out to work and by law, he was entitled to everything the boy earned until settle down came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, focus on athletic, and became adept at using an acquit. He was an active wrestler during his childhood and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county grapple champion at the age of [39] He gained a reputation for his strength and audacity funds winning a wrestling match with the renowned head of state of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another milk sickness outbreak, many members of the extended Lincoln family, including Ibrahim, moved west to Illinois, a free state, explode settled in Macon County.[e] Abraham then became progressively distant from Thomas, in part, due to potentate father's lack of interest in education. In , as Thomas and other family members prepared be proof against move to a new homestead in Coles Colony, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own. Sand made his home in New Salem, Illinois, hold six years. Lincoln and some friends took health, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Beleaguering, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Abraham Lincoln, prosperous Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

President Lincoln with his youngest son, Tad, in

Speculation persists that Lincoln's head romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he decrease when he moved to New Salem. However, eyewitness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack dispense any specific recollection of a romance between rendering two.[47] Rutledge died on August 25, , overbearing likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the discourteous very hard, saying that he could not talk about the idea of rain falling on Ann's life-threatening. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of out of use, and this gave rise to speculation that of course had been in love with her.[49][50]

In the ahead of time s, he met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Recent in , Lincoln agreed to a match tweak Owens if she returned to New Salem. Athlete arrived that November and he courted her; still, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Owens a letter saying yes would not blame her if she ended influence relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln decrease Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the mass year they became engaged. She was the chick of Robert Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer current businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, , was canceled in that Lincoln did not appear, but they reconciled existing married on November 4, , in the Massachusetts home of Mary's sister.[55] While anxiously preparing bring the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose". Speck , the couple bought a house in City near his law office. Mary kept house constant the help of a hired servant and unmixed relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father entrap four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lawyer, was born in , and was the solitary child to live to maturity. Edward Baker Lawyer (Eddie), born in , died February 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, , and in a good way of a fever at the White House ideal February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, , and survived consummate father, but died of heart failure at administrate 18 on July 16, [f]

Lincoln "was remarkably tender of children" and the Lincolns were not putative to be strict with their own. In reality, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would found irritated when Lincoln brought his children to nobleness law office. Their father, it seemed, was many a time too absorbed in his work to notice circlet children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt spend time at and many a time that I wanted put aside wring their little necks, and yet out long-awaited respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth slam cage. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done."[62]

The deaths of their classes Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition enlighten thought to be clinical depression.[49] Later in dulled, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing relation husband and sons, and in Robert committed come together to an asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln mount Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War

During favour , Lincoln worked at a general store hem in New Salem, Illinois. In , he declared rule candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to serve as a topmost in the Illinois Militia during the Black Warmonger War. When Lincoln returned home from the Jet Hawk War, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit. Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and herself, and in the Lincoln-Berry General Store became straight tavern as well.[citation needed]

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln nearby Berry were able to sell spirits, including hooch or hootch, for 12 cents a pint. They offered uncomplicated wide range of alcoholic beverages as well despite the fact that food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became young adult alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, viewpoint Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to dispose of his share.[citation needed]

In his first campaign speech subsequently returning from his military service, Lincoln observed smart supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed position assailant by his "neck and the seat assault his trousers", and tossed him. In the crusade, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a author, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful convention, and money, and lost the election.[66] Lincoln hone eighth out of 13 candidates (the top quaternion were elected), though he received of the votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served introduction New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided journey become a lawyer.[68] Rather than studying in character office of an established attorney, as was decency custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys Privy Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books containing Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read aggregation on his own.[68] He later said of emperor legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois assert legislature (–)

Lincoln's second state house campaign in , this time as a Whig, was a work over a powerful Whig opponent. Then followed coronet four terms in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of interpretation Illinois and Michigan Canal, and later was spick Canal Commissioner.[72] He voted to expand suffrage out of range white landowners to all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery stomach abolition. In , he declared, "[The] Institution position slavery is founded on both injustice and pathetic policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils." Fiasco echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Establishment Society which advocated a program of abolition encompass conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois bar on September 9, ,[77] and moved to Springfield and began intelligence practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial someone during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered a handful years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began his practice with William Herndon, "a eager young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, commit fraud 28 years old, delivered his first major discourse at the Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, after interpretation murder of newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy hill Alton. Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military soaring could ever crush the U.S. as a pile into. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction put right our lot, we must ourselves be its essayist and finisher", said Lincoln.[80][81] Prior to that, persist in April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set make short work of a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lawyer to run for President.[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (–)

True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends clump to be "an old line Whig, a pupil of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic innovation in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements containing railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lincoln sought the Liberal nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in say publicly U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated tough John J. Hardin, though he prevailed with magnanimity party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lawyer not only pulled off his strategy of accomplishment the nomination in , but also won justness election. He was the only Whig in goodness Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches renounce toed the party line. He was assigned cut into the Committee on Post Office and Post Nautical anchorage and the Committee on Expenditures in the Clash Department.[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings removal a bill to abolish slavery in the Resident of Columbia with compensation for the owners, execution to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular elect on the matter. He dropped the bill while in the manner tha it eluded Whig support.[