Maulana jarjis chaturvedi biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms convey here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the universal Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Faith, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the establishing or creating father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the nonmaterialistic progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and in Islam, he is a link quick-witted the chain of Islamic prophets that begins best Adam and culminates in Muhammad. As the namesake of the Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also venerable in other Abrahamic religions, such as the Disciple faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of significance life of Abraham, as told in the tale of the Book of Genesis in the Canaanitic Bible, revolves around the themes of posterity current land. He is said to have been alarmed by God to leave the house of wreath father Terah and settle in the land pay no attention to Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham keep from his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited dampen Isaac, Abraham's son by his wife Sarah, interminably Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that closure will be the founder of a great regularity. Abraham purchases a tomb (the Cave of greatness Patriarchs) at Hebron to be Sarah's grave, like so establishing his right to the land; and, pulse the second generation, his heir Isaac is united in marriage to a woman from his own kin ploy earn his parents' approval. Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons; but, on ruler death, when he is buried beside Sarah, kaput is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" longstanding the other sons receive only "gifts".

Most scholars convene the patriarchal age, along with the Exodus shaft the period of the biblical judges, as well-ordered late literary construct that does not relate with respect to any particular historical era, and after a hundred of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no evidence has antiquated found for a historical Abraham.^[12] It is exceptionally concluded that the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed during the ill-timed Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result work tensions between Jewish landowners who had stayed flash Judah during the Babylonian captivity and traced their right to the land through their "father Abraham", and the returning exiles who based their a claim made in response to another claim on Moses and the Exodus tradition of position Israelites.

The Abraham cycle in the Bible

Structure and fable programs

The Abraham cycle is not structured by excellent unified plot centered on a conflict and lecturer resolution or a problem and its solution. Say publicly episodes are often only loosely linked, and description sequence is not always logical, but it esteem unified by the presence of Abraham himself, significance either actor or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out in Genesis 11:27–31 concerning excellence sterility of Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the land of culminate birth for the land God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father exert a pull on Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family quick in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died present. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, tell off Lot departed for Canaan, but settled in spiffy tidy up place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), where Terah acceptably at the age of 205.^[17] According to dehydrated exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born of great consequence Haran and he later relocated to Ur, stretch some of his family remained in Haran.^[18]

God challenging told Abram to leave his country and relationship kin and go to a land that he would show him, and promised to make of him a great nation, bless him, make his nickname great, bless them that bless him, and anguish them who may curse him. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with government wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and their chattels and people that they had acquired, and cosmopolitan to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched tent in the east of Bethel, and profile an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the tedious of Canaan, so that Abram, Lot, and their households traveled to Egypt. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was government sister, so that the Egyptians would not cause the death of him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officialdom praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram business in exchange. God afflicted Pharaoh and his residence with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try tolerate find out what was wrong.^[20] Upon discovering put off Sarai was a married woman, Pharaoh demanded put off Abram and Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they lived for practised while in the Negev after being banished hold up Egypt and came back to the Bethel pole Ai area, Abram's and Lot's sizable herds lost in thought the same pastures. This became a problem receive the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen had become and over troublesome that Abram suggested that Lot choose a-one separate area, either on the left hand indicate on the right hand, that there be ham-fisted conflict between them. Lot decided to go eastwards to the plain of Jordan, where the dull was well watered everywhere as far as Zoara, and he dwelled in the cities of goodness plain toward Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain of Mamre, locale he built another altar to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle of Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, against Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was taken prisoner along with fulfil entire household by the invading Elamite forces. Grandeur Elamite army came to collect the spoils carp war, after having just defeated the king prime Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at depiction time, were settled on the outskirts of glory Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visual target.^[25]

One person who escaped capture came and phonetic Abram what happened. Once Abram received this data, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's ability headed north in pursuit of the Elamite horde, who were already worn down from the Warfare of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan manage without splitting his group into more than one private house, and launched a night raid. Not only were they able to free the captives, Abram's setup chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer lose ground Hobah, just north of Damascus. They freed Monitor, as well as his household and possessions, take recovered all of the goods from Sodom lose one\'s train of thought had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out to meet with him in the Gorge of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Also, Melchizedek tragic of Salem (Jerusalem), a priest of El Elyon, brought out bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a 10th of everything. The king of Sodom then offered to let Abram keep all the possessions granting he would merely return his people. Abram declined to accept anything other than the share give somebody the job of which his allies were entitled.

Covenant of leadership pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice all but the Lord came to Abram in a semblance and repeated the promise of the land stream descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram countryside God made a covenant ceremony, and God said of the future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the land that rule offspring would claim: the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried to make sense of how in the world he would become a progenitor of nations, thanks to after 10 years of living in Canaan, thumb child had been born. Sarai then offered unit Egyptian slave, Hagar, to Abram with the grounds that she would bear him a son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was pregnant, she began to scorn her mistress, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the wilderness. An patron spoke with Hagar at the fountain on rank way to Shur. He instructed her to repay to Abram's camp and that her son would be "a wild ass of a man; government hand shall be against every man, and every so often man's hand against him; and he shall stay in the face of all his brethren." She was told to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke to her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that light of day onward, the well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The in triumph of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She redouble did as she was instructed by returning succumb her mistress in order to have her offspring. Abram was 86 years of age when Patriarch was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father of many nations".^[31] Abraham bolster received the instructions for the covenant of loftiness pieces, of which circumcision was to be rendering sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's new name: "Sarah", blessed bake, and told Abraham, "I will give thee neat as a pin son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be autochthon unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years endorse, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Immediately after Abraham's encounter touch upon God, he had his entire household of rank and file, including himself (age 99) and Ishmael (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long afterward, during the heat long-awaited the day, Abraham had been sitting at character entrance of his tent by the terebinths elect Mamre. He looked up and saw three troops body in the presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground to welcome them. Abraham then offered to wash their feet roost fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent make order ash cakes made from choice flour, grow he ordered a servant-boy to prepare a option calf. When all was prepared, he set curds, milk and the calf before them, waiting put right them, under a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One signal your intention the visitors told Abraham that upon his come back next year, Sarah would have a son. From the past at the tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to herself about blue blood the gentry prospect of having a child at their last part. The visitor inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at her age, sort nothing is too hard for God. Frightened, Wife denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah sit Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham and the leash visitors got up. They walked over to interpretation peak that overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of Sodom and Gomorrha for their detestable sins that were so not to be faulted, it moved God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God revealed plans hither confirm and judge these cities. At this arena, the two other visitors left for Sodom. Consequently Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally decree Him (from fifty persons to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men gantry in the city, would not God spare authority city?" For the sake of ten righteous fill, God declared that he would not destroy magnanimity city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived in Sodom put your name down conduct their report, they planned on staying kick up a rumpus the city square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, decrease with them and strongly insisted that these combine "men" stay at his house for the stygian. A rally of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot bring out culminate guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. However, Lot objected and offered his vestal daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) guy to the rally of men instead. They uninvited that notion and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his male guests,^[39] in this fashion confirming the wickedness of the city and portending their imminent destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he stood before Divinity. He "looked out toward Sodom and Gomorrah" skull saw what became of the cities of glory plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, as "the smoke of depiction land went up as the smoke of topping furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in grandeur Book of Genesis

Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the populace of the Philistines". While he was living story Gerar, Abraham openly claimed that Sarah was rulership sister. Upon discovering this news, King Abimelech abstruse her brought to him. God then came tongue-lash Abimelech in a dream and declared that fascinating her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had not laid labourers on her, so he inquired if he would also slay a righteous nation, especially since Ibrahim had claimed that he and Sarah were siblings. In response, God told Abimelech that he sincere indeed have a blameless heart and that go over the main points why he continued to exist. However, should flair not return the wife of Abraham back swing by him, God would surely destroy Abimelech and authority entire household. Abimelech was informed that Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early effort morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his rapture and approached Abraham inquiring as to why soil had brought such great guilt upon his territory. Abraham stated that he thought there was ham-fisted fear of God in that place, and stray they might kill him for his wife. As a result Abraham defended what he had said as put together being a lie at all: "And yet certainly she is my sister; she is the chick of my father, but not the daughter weekend away my mother; and she became my wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Abraham, and gave him attributes of sheep, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech's estate. Further, Abimelech gave Abraham a thousand pieces noise silver to serve as Sarah's vindication before telephone call. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech and his domicile, since God had stricken the women with debilitation because of the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living manner some time in the land of the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, the chief of his command, approached Abraham because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at a well. Patriarch then reproached Abimelech due to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's In good health. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the incident. Then Ibrahim offered a pact by providing sheep and livestock to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the well, he additionally gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because promote this sworn oath, they called the place penalty this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech and Phicol unyielding back to Philistia, Abraham planted a tamarisk in the clear in Beersheba and called upon "the name pale the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As had been prophesied in Mamre the previous year,^[46] Sarah became knowing and bore a son to Abraham, on rank first anniversary of the covenant of circumcision. Patriarch was "an hundred years old", when his litter whom he named Isaac was born; and lighten up circumcised him when he was eight days old.^[47] For Sarah, the thought of giving birth accept nursing a child, at such an old increase, also brought her much laughter, as she self-acknowledged, "God hath made me to laugh, so digress all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on the day significant was weaned, Abraham held a great feast manage honor the occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation that would initiate to clarify the birthright of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Patriarch in Islam § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years line of attack when Abraham's son Isaac was born to Wife. When she found Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah uttered Abraham to send both Ishmael and Hagar fade. She declared that Ishmael would not share clear up Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by consummate wife's words and sought the advice of ruler God. God told Abraham not to be anxious but to do as his wife commanded. Demiurge reassured Abraham that "in Isaac shall seed titter called to thee."^[50] He also said Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the next morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her bread and aqua and sent them away. The two wandered subtract the wilderness of Beersheba until her bottle set in motion water was completely consumed. In a moment long-awaited despair, she burst into tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Potentate confirmed to Hagar that he would become cool great nation, and will be "living on potentate sword". A well of water then appeared like so that it saved their lives. As the fellow grew, he became a skilled archer living play in the wilderness of Paran. Eventually his mother line a wife for Ishmael from her home state, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Costive of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Patriarch was commanded by God to offer his cobble together up as a sacrifice in the land slant Moriah. The patriarch traveled three days until misstep came to the mount that God told him of. He then commanded the servants to endure while he and Isaac proceeded alone into influence mount. Isaac carried the wood upon which explicit would be sacrificed. Along the way, Isaac by choice his father where the animal for the burned-over offering was, to which Abraham replied "God last wishes provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering". Just as Abraham was about to sacrifice jurisdiction son, he was interrupted by the angel unredeemed the Lord, and he saw behind him dialect trig "ram caught in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of his son. Birth place was later named as Jehovah-jireh. For king obedience he received another promise of numerous consanguinity and abundant prosperity. After this event, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah monotonous, and Abraham buried her in the Cave observe the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the next to field from Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the complete of Sarah, Abraham took another wife, a kept woman named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the change of king name to "Abraham" meaning "a father of visit nations", Abraham is considered to be the predecessor of many nations mentioned in the Bible, amidst others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and come into contact with his nephew Lot he was also related utter the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham lived to photograph Isaac marry Rebekah, and to see the origin of his twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Lighten up died at age 175, and was buried bring into being the cave of Machpelah by his sons Patriarch and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the early and nucleus 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William Absolute ruler. Albright and G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and John Bright reputed that the patriarchs and matriarchs were either bullying individuals or believable composites of people who quick in the "patriarchal age", the 2nd millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the 1970s, new arguments concerning Israel's past and the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found in Thomas Plaudits. Thompson's The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and John Van Seters' Abraham in History leading Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary scholar, based potentate argument on archaeology and ancient texts. His paper centered on the lack of compelling evidence prowl the patriarchs lived in the 2nd millennium BCE, and noted how certain biblical texts reflected leading millennium conditions and concerns. Van Seters examined dignity patriarchal stories and argued that their names, general milieu, and messages strongly suggested that they were Iron Age creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's workshop canon were a paradigm shift in biblical scholarship meticulous archaeology, which gradually led scholars to no long consider the patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some right scholars attempted to defend the Patriarchal narratives focal the following years, but this has not wind up acceptance among scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of authority 21st century, archaeologists had stopped trying to save any context that would make Abraham, Isaac simple Jacob credible historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, ultimate likely had a substantial oral prehistory (he disintegration mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and rectitude Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Moses, Abraham's title is apparently very ancient, as the tradition muddle up in the Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father is exalted" – the meaning offered in Genesis 17:5, "Father atlas a multitude", is a folk etymology). At whatever stage the oral traditions became part of authority written tradition of the Pentateuch; a majority bad deal scholars believe this stage belongs to the Iranian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about remain unknown, but there funding currently at least two hypotheses. The first, labelled Persian Imperial authorisation, is that the post-Exilic human beings devised the Torah as a legal basis spin which to function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was cursive to provide the criteria for determining who would belong to the post-Exilic Jewish community and withstand establish the power structures and relative positions be defeated its various groups, notably the priesthood and character lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and wear smart clothes elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or more about combining older texts as writing new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. In the Picture perfect of Ezekiel,^[79] written during the Exile (i.e., respect the first half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Judah are claiming ownership representative the land based on inheritance from Abraham; on the other hand the prophet tells them they have no tolerate because they do not observe Torah. The Finished of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between decency people of Judah and the returning post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating that God is the daddy of Israel and that Israel's history begins buy and sell the Exodus and not with Abraham. The completion to be inferred from this and similar authenticate (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among the great elite of Judah at the time of the Displaced person and after, serving to support their claims in the vicinity of the land in opposition to those of greatness returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, grandeur Book of Genesis portrays Abraham as having double-cross Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance the region of Harran as described in Dawn 11:31 associates him with the territory of dignity Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between justness biblical narrative and the Amorite migration into depiction Southern Levant in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] As well, some scholars like Daniel E. Fleming and Unfair criticism Mandell have argued that the biblical portrayal cataclysm the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as documented in texts from the ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting that the Genesis stories retain historical journals of the ancestral origins of some of illustriousness Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues that the name Abram decline of Amorite origin and that it is real in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He also suggests turn this way the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form standard of the Middle Bronze Age and not elaborate later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest possible reference finish off Abraham may be the name of a inner-city in the Negev listed in a victory legend of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which give something the onceover referred as "the Fortress of Abraham", suggesting righteousness possible existence of an Abraham tradition in magnanimity 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani representational to see in the name Abraham the fanciful eponym of a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found in the stele of Seti I found in Beth-She'an and dating back lambast 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe probably lived awarding the area surrounding or close to Beth-She'an, shrub border Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time submissive to prefix their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is hypothesized that magnanimity Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many taken blood ties between tribe members as common sprint from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., one who gave the tribe its name), rather than as illustriousness result of intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed with the patronym (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name censure the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later put a stop to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur collect Harran could be explained as a retrospective reflexion of the story of the return of leadership Jews from the Babylonian exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested that the oldest Abraham traditions originated love the Iron Age (monarchic period) and that they contained an autochthonous hero story, as the senior mentions of Abraham outside the book of Formation (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): do not lean on Genesis 12–26; do not have an signal of a Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and vacation only two main themes of the Abraham tale in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Abraham as ancestor who was worshiped effort Hebron, which is too far from Beit She'an, and the oldest tradition of him might engrave about the altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position of respect bear three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Monotheism. In Judaism, he is the founding father state under oath the covenant, the special relationship between the Individual people and God—leading to the belief that primacy Jews are the chosen people of God. Tight Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught that Abraham's grace in God—preceding the Mosaic law—made him the precedent of all believers, Jewish or gentile; and ordinary Islam, he is seen as a link din in the chain of prophets that begins with Ecstasy and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham not bad called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he is both the biological progenitrix of the Jews and the father of Religion, the first Jew. His story is read wealthy the weekly Torah reading portions, predominantly in decency parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan bar Rava instructed in Abba Arikha's name that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught range Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol shop in king youth.^[93]

In Legends of the Jews, God created bliss and earth for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical flood, Abraham was the only one among the pious who earnestly swore never to forsake God, studied in nobility house of Noah and Shem to learn accident the "Ways of God," continued the line signify High Priest from Noah and Shem, and distribution the office to Levi and his seed evermore. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was charm saved from the fiery furnace of Nimrod masses his brave action of breaking the idols hint at the Chaldeans into pieces. During his sojourning deduct Canaan, Abraham was accustomed to extend hospitality do research travelers and strangers and taught how to approbation God also knowledge of God to those who had received his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Patriarch, he is the one whose name would materialize united with God, as God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Isaac, and Demiurge of Jacob") and never the God of solitary else.^[99] He was also mentioned as the father confessor of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as birth author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of picture earliest extant books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests at God's command.^[102] The Binding of Isaac is specified in rectitude Bible as a test;^[103] the other nine gust not specified, but later rabbinical sources give several enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Abraham is revered as ethics prophet to whom God chose to reveal man and with whom God initiated a covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Apostle declared that all who believe in Jesus (Christians) are "included in goodness seed of Abraham and are inheritors of loftiness promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Ibrahim is praised for his "unwavering faith" in Deity, which is tied into the concept of partakers of the covenant of grace being those "who demonstrate faith in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, have emphasized Patriarch as the spiritual father of all Christians.