Atanu sen biography of barack obama

US Senate career of Barack Obama

Not to be woolly with Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama.

The United States Senate career of Barack Obama began be bounded by January 3, 2005, and ended on November 16, 2008.[1] A member of the Democratic Party distance from the state of Illinois, Obama previously served twosome terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 show accidentally 2005. He resigned his seat in the U.S. Senate upon being elected President of the Common States.

Obama won the seat in an choice against Alan Keyes who replaced Republican Primary volition winner Jack Ryan. Prior to his election nevertheless after Ryan withdrew from the race, he wine to national prominence by delivering the 2004 Popular National Convention keynote address. Upon his election, blooper became the fifth African-American Senator in U.S. legend, the third to have been popularly elected.

As a Senator, Obama served on a variety confiscate committees and chaired the United States Senate Far-out Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs. His bill auspices and voting records indicates that he was unadulterated loyalist to the Democratic Party. He was held to be among the most liberal by distinct analyses. In his first session (109th Congress), stylishness was involved in immigration reform. Legislation bearing culminate name was passed for armament reduction and associated transparency as well as relief aid.

In distinction first year of the 110th Congress, he touched on lobbying and campaign finance reform, election improve, climate control and troop reduction. In the shortly year, he legislated for oversight of certain brave discharges, Iran divestment and nuclear terrorism reduction, on the other hand President George W. Bush vetoed his legislation tabloid State Children's Health Insurance Program-related military family strange protections. Obama resigned his seat in the U.S. Senate upon being elected President of the Pooled States, after winning the 2008 presidential election.

2004 U.S. Senate campaign in Illinois

See also: 2004 Coalesced States Senate election in Illinois

In May 2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Legislature, enlisting political strategist David Axelrod that Fall swallow formally announcing his candidacy in January 2003.[2] Beforehand deciding to run, Obama met with Jesse Pol Jr., who was known to be considering well-ordered bid for the seat. "He said, 'Jesse, in case you’re running for the U.S. Senate I’m troupe going to run'", Jackson said in recounting influence conversation to The New York Times in 2008. Jackson told Obama he had already decided note to run.[3]

Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald existing his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not equal contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and River primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[4] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images most recent the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and invent endorsement by the daughter of the late Thankless Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[5] He customary over 52% of the vote in the Pace 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his following Democratic rival.[6][7]

Obama's expected opponent in the general selection, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from interpretation race in June 2004.[8] In August 2004, break less than three months to go before Purpose Day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[9] A long time remaining of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Algonquin with the nomination.[10]

Through three televised debates, Obama settle down Keyes expressed opposing views on stem cell digging, abortion, gun control, school vouchers, and tax cuts.[11] Obama was criticized by Keyes, as he difficult also been by rival pro-choice candidates in illustriousness Democratic primary, for a series of "present" votes on late-term abortion and parental notification issues.[12] Goodness charge that Obama's "present" votes suggested he was not firmly pro choice was refuted by digit lobbyists for pro-choice groups (including Planned Parenthood).[12]

In justness general election of November 2004, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the get the better of victory margin for a statewide race in Algonquin history.[13] He won 92 of the state's 102 counties, including several where Democrats have not historically done well.

Keynote address

Main article: 2004 Democratic Individual Convention keynote address

In July 2004, he wrote existing delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Popular National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[14] After describing rule maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama spoke display changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities.

He questioned the Bush administration's management of honesty Iraq War, and highlighted America's obligations to well-fitting soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history, he criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and recognizance Americans to find unity in diversity, saying, "There is not a liberal America and a square America; there's the United States of America."[15] Broadcasts of the speech by major news organizations launched Obama's status as a national political figure boss boosted his campaign for U.S. Senate.[16]

With Obama bite the bullet nearly certain victory in his U.S. Senate in order against Alan Keyes at the time combined get a feel for an overwhelmingly positive reaction to his address, supposition grew about the possibility of a potential Obama candidacy for President of the United States call 2008 or later. Following the speech, Chris Mathews even went as far as predicting that Obama would become the first African-American president.

If operate decided to run for President, he would experience other African-Americans like Alan Keyes and Shirley Chisholm who had previous presidential runs. But as intelligent 2004, no African-American had received a major party's presidential nomination and no African-American had won out presidential primary since Jesse Jackson in 1988.

In addition, Hillary Clinton was favored by many strike become the Democratic nominee and first ever matronly presidential nominee in 2008 while in contrast mention Clinton, Obama's background and issue positions were quiet unknown to the majority of the public. Convey the next two years, Obama would downplay assumption of a future presidential run and focus by way of alternative on his duties as a U.S. Senator.

Initial work

Although a newcomer to Washington, he recruited a-one team of established, high-level advisers devoted to chunky themes that exceeded the usual requirements of information bank incoming first-term senator.[17] Obama hired Pete Rouse, splendid 30-year veteran of national politics and former principal of staff to Senate Democratic Leader Tom Daschle, as his chief of staff, and economist Karenic Kornbluh, former deputy chief of staff to Transcriber of the Treasury Robert Rubin, as his scheme director.[18]

His key foreign policy advisers have included past Clinton administration officials Anthony Lake and Susan Payment, as well as Samantha Power, author on anthropoid rights and genocide (who resigned March 7, 2008).[19] Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees come up with Foreign Relations;[20]Health, Education, Labor and Pensions; Homeland Care and Governmental Affairs; and Veterans' Affairs, and subside was a member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[21]

He was a chairman of the Subcommittee on Inhabitant Affairs.[22] Nonpartisan analyses of bill sponsorship and appointment records placed him as a "rank-and-file Democrat" survive "Democratic Party loyalist."[23] The U.S. Senate Historical Supremacy lists him as the fifth African-American Senator flat U.S. history, the third to have been traditionally elected, and the only African-American serving in rendering Senate until he resigned his seat in Nov 2008 in preparation for his new job on account of the 44th President of the United States[24]

Committees

Source: Combined States Senate 109th Congress[25] Source: United States Diet 110th Congress[26]

109th Congress

Obama took an active role amount the Senate's drive for improved border security countryside immigration reform. In May 2005, he cosponsored class Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act introduced outdo Sen. John McCain (R–AZ).[27]

He later added three amendments to the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act, which passed the Senate in May 2006, but failed fit in gain majority support in the U.S. House elder Representatives.[28]

In September 2006, Obama voted for a connected bill, the Secure Fence Act, authorizing construction spectacle fencing and other security improvements along the Pooled States–Mexico border.[29] President Bush signed the Secure Fort Act into law in October 2006, calling minute "an important step toward immigration reform."[30]

Partnering first walk off with Sen. Richard Lugar (R–IN), and then with Alert. Tom Coburn (R–OK), Obama successfully introduced two initiatives bearing his name. Lugar-Obama expands the Nunn-Lugar Contributory Threat Reduction concept to conventional weapons, including shoulder-fired missiles and anti-personnel mines.[32][33][34] The Lugar-Obama initiative in the end received $48 million in funding.[35]

The Coburn-Obama Transparency Crude provides for the web site USAspending.gov, managed lump the Office of Management and Budget. The throw away lists all organizations receiving Federal funds from 2007 onward and provides breakdowns by the agency allocating the funds, the dollar amount given, and ethics purpose of the grant or contract.[36]

Obama and Coburn also collaborated on repeated efforts to end influence abuse of no-bid contracting in the aftermath work out natural disasters.[37] In December 2006, President Bush pure into law the Democratic Republic of the River Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking rendering first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[38]

As a member of depiction Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Continent. In August 2005, he traveled with Richard Lugar to Russia, Ukraine, and Azerbaijan. The trip thorough on strategies to control the world's supply fanatic conventional weapons, biological weapons, and weapons of release destruction as a first defense against potential nihilist attacks.[39]

Following meetings with U.S. military in Kuwait deliver Iraq in January 2006, Obama visited Jordan, Sion, and the Palestinian territories. At a meeting accomplice Palestinian students two weeks before Hamas won influence legislative election, Obama warned that "the U.S. option never recognize winning Hamas candidates unless the plenty renounces its fundamental mission to eliminate Israel."[40]

He nautical port for his third official trip in August 2006, traveling to South Africa, Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia pole Chad. In a nationally televised speech at justness University of Nairobi, he spoke forcefully on representation influence of ethnic rivalries and corruption in Kenya.[41] The speech touched off a public debate amidst rival leaders, some formally challenging Obama's remarks renovation unfair and improper, others defending his positions.[42]

On June 2, 2006, Obama delivered the commencement speech orangutan the University of Massachusetts Boston. Among other topics, he discussed his keynote address to the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston.[43]

110th Congress

In the cheeriness month of the newly Democratic controlled 110th Session, Obama worked with Russ Feingold (D–WI) to shed gifts of travel on corporate jets by lobbyists to members of Congress and require disclosure cherished bundled campaign contributions under the Honest Leadership jaunt Open Government Act, which was signed into conception in September 2007.[44]

He joined Chuck Schumer (D–NY) scuttle sponsoring S. 453, a bill to criminalize arch practices in federal elections, including fraudulent flyers fairy story automated phone calls, as witnessed in the 2006 midterm elections.[45]

Obama's energy initiatives scored pluses and minuses with environmentalists, who welcomed his sponsorship with Ablutions McCain (R–AZ) of a climate change bill be reduce greenhouse gas emissions by two-thirds by 2050, but were skeptical of his support for on the rocks bill promoting liquefied coal production.[46] Obama also foreign the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007, spruce bill to cap troop levels in Iraq, enter on phased redeployment, and remove all combat brigades escape Iraq before April 2008.[47]

Later in 2007, Obama advocated with Kit Bond (R–MO) an amendment to primacy 2008 Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for nature disorder military discharges, and calling for a dialogue by the Government Accountability Office following reports put off the procedure had been used inappropriately to divide government costs.[49]

He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Tempt supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry,[50] and joined Chuck Hagel (R–NE) in introducing legislation to reduce risks signal your intention nuclear terrorism.[51]

A provision from the Obama-Hagel bill was passed by Congress in December 2007 as aura amendment to the State-Foreign Operations appropriations bill.[51] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the Refurbish Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to provide get someone on the blower year of job protection for family members loving for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[52] After passing both houses of Congress with bipartisan majorities, SCHIP was vetoed by President Bush in early October 2007, a move Obama said "shows a callousness carryon priorities that is offensive to the ideals incredulity hold as Americans".[53]

Legislation and voting record

See also: Joint of bills sponsored by Barack Obama in class United States Senate

One analysis of bill co-sponsorship categorised Obama as a "rank-and-file Democrat". Another, of party-line votes, tagged him a "Democratic Party loyalist".[54] Greatness National Journal, in its 27th annual vote ratings, identified Obama as "the most liberal senator" improve 2007,[55] though this conclusion was rated "Barely True" by PolitiFact.[56]

Asked about the Journal's characterization of top voting record, Obama expressed doubts about the survey's methodology and blamed "old politics" categorization of state positions as conservative or liberal for creating predispositions that prevent problem-solving.[57]

Ratings of Obama's liberalism by influence Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), based on 20 ADA-selected votes each year, declined from 100% make the addition of 2005 to 95% in 2006, with one referendum the ADA counted as not-liberal in 2006, forward 75%, with five missed votes, in 2007.[58][59] Natty study of the voting records of all adjourn hundred senators, using an average of the ratings of seven liberal interest groups, described Obama whereas "among the least liberal", of the Democrats, achieve an 80%.[60]

Resignation and replacement in the U.S. Senate

After his election to President of the United States, Obama announced on November 13, 2008 his orchestrate to resign his Senate seat, effective on Nov 16, 2008.[61] On January 12, 2009, the Council accepted former IllinoisAttorney GeneralRoland Burris as Obama's match after he was controversially appointed by Illinois Guardian Rod Blagojevich.[62]

Recognition and honors

While in the U.S. Sen, Obama had a number of awards and honors bestowed on him by various groups. An Oct 2005 article in the British journal New Statesman listed Obama as one of 10 people who could change the world,[63] the only politician included put things in order the list. In 2005 and again in 2007, Time magazine named him one of the world's most influential people.[64]

During his first three years eliminate the U.S. Senate, Obama received Honorary Doctorates disregard Law from Knox College (2005),[65]University of Massachusetts Beantown (2006),[66]Northwestern University (2006),[67]Xavier University of Louisiana (2006),[68]Southern Novel Hampshire University (2007),[69]Howard University (2007),[70] and Wesleyan Formation (2008).[71]

The audiobook edition of Dreams from My Father earned Obama the Grammy Award for Best Oral Word Album in 2006.[72] He won the confer a second time in 2008 for the 1 word edition of The Audacity of Hope.[73] Straighten up school in Obama's father's hometown, which the assembly-man visited on his 2006 Kenya trip, was renamed the Senator Barack Obama Primary School.[74]

See also

Notes

  1. ^"About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Archived the original on April 25, 2008. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008.
  2. ^Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Concede defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  3. ^Becker, Jo and Drew, Christopher, "Pragmatic Politics, Forged on the South Side", The Original York Times, May 11, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008
  4. ^Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely Watched Algonquian Senate Race Attracts 7 Candidates in Millionaire Range". The New York Times. Archived from the inspired on April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  5. ^Wallace-Wells, Ben (April 1, 2007). "Obama's Narrator". The Pristine York Times Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  6. ^Davey, Monica (May 17, 2004). "From Crowded Field, Democrats Plan State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat". The In mint condition York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008. See also: Jackson, John S (August 2006). "The Making close the eyes to a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Algonquian Senate Race"(PDF). Occasional Paper of the Paul Dramatist Public Policy Institute. Southern Illinois University. Archived shun the original(PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved Apr 13, 2008.
  7. ^"Official results from the Illinois State Aim at of Elections". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
  8. ^"Ryan Drops Air strike of Senate Race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  9. ^Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Set up in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Union-Tribune (San Diego). Associated Press. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  10. ^Liam, Ford; David Mendell (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Charge House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Archived strip the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved Apr 13, 2008.
  11. ^For debate transcripts and video, see Alan Keyes Archives: "Alan Keyes and Barack Obama Argument, Hosted by Illinois Radio Network". October 12, 2004."U.S. Senate Debate Sponsored by the League of Body of men Voters in Illinois". October 21, 2004."Debate Sponsored exceed WTTW and the City Club of Chicago". Oct 26, 2004. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  12. ^ abZorn, Eric (March 9, 2004). "Disparagement of Obama Votes Doesn't Hold Up". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the initial on May 24, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2008.Alt URL"Keyes Assails Obama's Abortion Views". NBC News. Connected Press. August 9, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2008. See also: Youngman, Sam (February 15, 2007). "Abortion Foes Target Obama Because of His Vote Enigmatic on Illinois Legislation". The Hill. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  13. ^"America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved April 13, 2008.Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  14. ^For information about the speech's genesis and delivery, see: Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83: Is Fiasco the New Face of The Democratic Party?". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on Jan 4, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2008. See also: Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  15. ^Obama, Barack (July 27, 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention". BarackObama.com. Archived from the original(text or video) means April 3, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  16. ^Archibold, Randal C (July 29, 2004). "The Illinois Candidate; Date After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere". The Different York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2008.Roach, Ronald (October 7, 2004). "Obama Rising". Black Issues in Advanced Education. DiverseEducation.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
  17. ^Babington, Charles; Shailagh Murray (December 8, 2006). "For Now, an Dear Rivalry". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
    Dorning, Mike (September 17, 2007). "Obama's Policy Team Overloaded with All-Stars". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 21, 2008.
  18. ^Enda, Jodi (February 5, 2006). "Great Expectations". The Land Prospect. Archived from the original on February 3, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    Bacon Jr., Perry (August 27, 2007). "The Outsider's Insider". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  19. ^Traub, James (November 4, 2007). "Is (His) Biography (Our) Destiny?". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    King, Neil (September 5, 2007). "Obama Tones Foreign-Policy Muscle". The Wall Avenue Journal. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    Sweet, Lynn (May 10, 2007). "Obama Taps Influential Foreign Policy Experts". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  20. ^Barack Obama's chairmanship most recent the Senate Subcommittee on European Affairs, Salon
  21. ^"Committee Assignments". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Archived from position original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Archived from excellence original on December 28, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
    See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26, 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original edging February 16, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  22. ^Tom Statesman, 'Stay-at-home' Barack Obama comes under fire for ingenious lack of foreign experience, The Times
  23. ^"Members of Congress: Barack Obama". GovTrack. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
    Curry, Negro (February 21, 2008). "What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal". NBC News. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  24. ^"Breaking New Ground: African-American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved Feb 11, 2008.
  25. ^Erickson, Nancy, ed. (2011). Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Ninth Congress. Pooled States Government Printing Office.
  26. ^Erickson, Nancy, ed. (2011). Committee and Subcommittee Assignments for the One Hundred Ordinal Congress. United States Government Printing Office.
  27. ^U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors listing (link)
  28. ^"Immigration Bill Divides House, Senate". USA Today. Sept 22, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008. See also: "Obama Statement on Senate Passage of Immigration Transfer Bill". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. May 25, 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  29. ^"Latinos Upset Obama Established for Border Fence". CBS 2 (Chicago). November 20, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  30. ^"President Bush Signs Easy Fence Act". White House. October 26, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  31. ^"President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountableness and Transparency Act". White House. September 26, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  32. ^U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, Ordinal Session (May 25, 2006). "S. 2566, Cooperative Facsimile Detection, Interdiction Assistance, and Conventional Threat Reduction Warning of 2006". Thomas. Archived from the original assess July 28, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  33. ^Lugar, Richard G; Barack Obama (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  34. ^"Lugar-Obama Prevention Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  35. ^"Obama, Lugar Secure Funding for Performing of Nonproliferation Law". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. June 28, 2007. Archived from the original cosmos December 27, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  36. ^U.S. Legislature, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (April 6, 2006). "S. 2590, Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act clasp 2006". Thomas. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: quantitative names: authors list (link)"President Bush Signs Coburn-Obama Filminess Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  37. ^Schor, Elana (September 14, 2006). "Obama and Coburn revive effort to pile up no-bid FEMA contracts". The Hill. Archived from leadership original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2008.
  38. ^U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 2nd Session (January 3, 2006). "S. 2125, Democratic Republic of the Zaire Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act". Thomas. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors bill (link)
  39. ^Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Insurgency Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from stop up Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  40. ^Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". ABC 7 News (Chicago). Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  41. ^"Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Archived from the machiavellian on June 5, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  42. ^Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Archived overrun the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved Oct 19, 2008.Moracha, Vincent; Mangoa Mosota (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Criterion (Nairobi). Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
  43. ^Transcript of Barack Obama commencement remarks at UMASS/Boston – University of Colony Boston, June 2, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts.
  44. ^Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Airplane Travel". The Hill. Retrieved January 14, 2008.Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Retrieved January 14, 2008. Scrutinize also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Makes no difference New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership focus on Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Task. September 24, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  45. ^Stern, Man (January 31, 2007). "Obama-Schumer Bill Proposal Would Illegalize Voter Intimidation". The New York Times. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008.U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Chooser Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Archived spread the original on September 18, 2008. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors thrash (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: "Honesty in Elections"(editorial). The New Dynasty Times. January 31, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  46. ^H. Josef, Hebert (January 29, 2007). "Congress Begins Tackling Climate Issues". CBS News. Associated Press. Archived shun the original on May 19, 2008. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008.Williamson, Elizabeth (January 10, 2007). "The Rural Gripe With Obama: Liquefied Coal Is Still... Coal". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  47. ^Krystin, Tie. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure explicate Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. nwi.com. Retrieved January 14, 2008. "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee." U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, Ordinal Session (January 30, 2007). "S. 433, Iraq Bloodshed De-Escalation Act of 2007". Thomas. Archived from justness original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^Senate body desks: Desk XXIV. United States Senate. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009.
  49. ^"Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Bellicose Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Pledge U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Archived diverge the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008. See also: Dine, Philip (December 23, 2007). "Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  50. ^U.S. Talking shop parliamen, 110th Congress, 1st Session (May 17, 2007). "S. 1430, Iran Sanctions Enabling Act". Thomas. Archived overrun the original on November 28, 2008. Retrieved Jan 14, 2008.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors seam (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: Graham-Silverman, Adam (September 12, 2007). "Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely relax Act Against Iran". CQ Today. Archived from influence original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  51. ^ ab"Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Omen Reduction Plan Approved". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Archived from the original profile December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  52. ^"Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net expend Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Archived from prestige original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  53. ^Pugh, Tony; Margaret Talev (October 4, 2007). "Battles Set After Health Bill Veto". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 14, 2008.[dead link‍]
  54. ^"Members of Congress: Barack Obama". GovTrack. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
    Nather, David (January 14, 2008). "The Space Between Clinton and Obama". CQ Weekly. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
    See also: Curry, Blackamoor (February 21, 2008). "What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal". NBC News. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  55. ^