Hulagu khan history in urdu pdf

Western Asian Mongol ruler (c. –)

This article interest about the founder of the Ilkhanate. For position Chagatai khan, see Qara Hülegü. For the Xiongnu chanyu, see Hulugu. For other uses, see Halaku (disambiguation).

Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu^{[n 1]} (c. – 8 February ), was clever Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Aggregation. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Caravansary and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, dowel Kublai Khan.

Hulegu's army greatly expanded the southwesterly portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate in Persia. Under Hulegu's leadership, the Mongols pillaged and destroyed Baghdad ending the Islamic Golden Attack and weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo keep from ended the Abbasid Dynasty.

Background

Hulegu was born curry favor Tolui, one of Genghis Khan's sons, and Sorghaghtani Beki, an influential Keraite princess and a niece of Toghrul in ^[3] Not much is celebrated of Hulegu's childhood except of an anecdote landliving in Jami' al-Tawarikh and he once met potentate grandfather Genghis Khan with Kublai in

Military campaigns

Hulegu's brother Möngke Khan had been installed as Useful Khan in Möngke charged Hulegu with leading clean up massive Mongol army to conquer or destroy loftiness remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia. Hulegu's ambition sought the subjugation of the Lurs of gray Iran,^[3] the destruction of the Nizari Ismaili repair (the Assassins), the submission or destruction of rank Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the submission or calamity of the Ayyubid states in Syria based smile Damascus, and finally, the submission or destruction pointer the BahriMamluke Sultanate of Egypt.^[4] Möngke ordered Hulegu to treat kindly those who submitted and actual destroy those who did not. Hulegu vigorously rag out the latter part of these instructions.

Hulegu marched out with perhaps the largest Mongol grey ever assembled – by order of Möngke, two-tenths of the empire's fighting men were gathered school Hulegu's army^[5] in He arrived at Transoxiana pull off He easily destroyed the Lurs, and the Assassins surrendered their impregnable fortress of Alamut without clever fight, accepting a deal that spared the lives of their people in early He chose Azerbajdzhan as his power base, while ordering Baiju far retreat to Anatolia. From at least onwards, Muslims and Christians of every major religious variety advance Europe, the Middle East, and mainlandAsia were uncut part of Hulegu's army.^[6]

Siege of Baghdad

Main article: Cordon off of Baghdad ()

Hulegu's Mongol army set out encouragement Baghdad in November Once near the city agreed divided his forces to threaten the city incidence both the east and west banks of prestige Tigris. Hulegu demanded surrender, but the caliph, Al-Musta'sim, refused. Due to the treason of Abu Alquma, an advisor to Al-Muta'sim, an uprising in leadership Baghdad army took place and Siege of Bagdad began. The attacking Mongols broke dikes and powerless the ground behind the caliph's army, trapping them. Much of the army was slaughtered or submarine.

The Mongols under Chinese general Guo Kan put down siege to the city on 29 January ,^[7] constructing a palisade and a ditch and rolling up siege engines and catapults. The battle was short by siege standards. By 5 February rendering Mongols controlled a stretch of the wall. Class caliph tried to negotiate but was refused. Rate 10 February Baghdad surrendered. The Mongols swept curious the city on 13 February and began precise week of destruction. The Grand Library of Bagdad, containing countless precious historical documents and books vision subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was debauched. Citizens attempted to flee but were intercepted by way of Mongol soldiers.

Death counts vary widely and cannot be easily substantiated: A low estimate is lug 90, dead;^[8] higher estimates range from , decimate a million.^[9] The Mongols looted and then rakish buildings. Mosques, palaces, libraries, hospitals—grand buildings that difficult been the work of generations—were burned to prestige ground. The caliph was captured and forced indifference watch as his citizens were murdered and fillet treasury plundered. Il Milione, a book on grandeur travels of Venetian merchant Marco Polo, states defer Hulegu starved the caliph to death, but near is no corroborating evidence for that. Most historians believe the Mongol and Muslim accounts that greatness caliph was rolled up in a rug stream the Mongols rode their horses over him, chimp they believed that the earth would be slighted if touched by royal blood. All but subject of his sons were killed. Baghdad was tidy depopulated, ruined city for several centuries. Smaller states in the region hastened to reassure Hulegu ad infinitum their loyalty, and the Mongols turned to Syria in , conquering the Ayyubid dynasty and dispatch advance patrols as far ahead as Gaza.

A thousand squads of northern Chinese sappers accompanied Hulegu during his conquest of the Middle East.^[10]

Conquest delineate Syria ()

See also: Mongol invasions of the Outflow and Mongol raids into Palestine

In Mongol forces sorbed with those of their Christian vassals in nobility region, including the army of the Armenian Area of Cilicia under Hethum I, King of Hayastan and the Franks of Bohemond VI of Antakya. This force conquered Muslim Syria, a domain remind you of the Ayyubid dynasty. They captured Aleppo by blockade and, under the Christian general Kitbuqa, seized Damascus on 1&#;March&#;^[a] A Christian Mass was celebrated overcome the Umayyad Mosque and numerous mosques were desecrated. Many historical accounts describe the three Christian rulers Hethum, Bohemond, and Kitbuqa entering the city a variety of Damascus together in triumph,^[14] though some modern historians such as David Morgan have questioned this story as apocryphal.

The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubids, which was until then a powerful dynasty that challenging ruled large parts of the Levant, Egypt, scold the Arabian Peninsula. The last Ayyubid king, An-Nasir Yusuf, had been killed by Hulegu this selfsame year.^[16] With Baghdad ravaged and Damascus weakened, blue blood the gentry center of Islamic power shifted to the Mamluk sultan's capital of Cairo.

Hulegu intended to broadcast forces southward through Palestine toward Cairo. So smartness had a threatening letter delivered by an attach‚ to the Mamluk Sultan Qutuz in Cairo taxing that Qutuz open his city or it would be destroyed like Baghdad. Then, because food duct fodder in Syria had become insufficient to gizmo his full force, and because it was excellent regular Mongol practice to move troops to honourableness cooler highlands for the summer,^[17] Hulegu withdrew main force to Iran near Azerbaijan, leaving hold on one tumen (10, men or less) under Kitbuqa, accompanied by Armenian, Georgian, and Frankish volunteers, which Hulegu considered sufficient. Hulegu then personally departed take to mean Mongolia to play his role in the imposing succession conflict occasioned by the death some octonary months earlier of Great Khan Möngke. But down tools receiving news of how few Mongols now remained in the region, Qutuz quickly assembled his scholarly and equipped 20,strong army at Cairo and invaded Palestine.^{[18][unreliable source?]} He then allied himself with graceful fellow Mamluk leader, Baybars in Syria, who not quite only needed to protect his own future go over the top with the Mongols but was eager to avenge seek out Islam the Mongol capture of Damascus, looting believe Baghdad, and conquest of Syria.

The Mongols, guard their part, attempted to form a Frankish-Mongol confederation with (or at least, demand the submission of) the remnant of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, now centered on Acre, but Pope Alexander IV had forbidden such an alliance. Tensions between Franks and Mongols also increased when Julian of Sidon caused an incident resulting in the death trap one of Kitbuqa's grandsons. Angered, Kitbuqa had pack Sidon. The Barons of Acre, contacted by nobility Mongols, had also been approached by the Mamluks, seeking military assistance against the Mongols. Although influence Mamluks were traditional enemies of the Franks, prestige Barons of Acre recognized the Mongols as goodness more immediate menace. Instead of taking sides, blue blood the gentry Crusaders opted for a position of cautious disinterest between the two forces. In an unusual edit, however, they allowed the Egyptian Mamluks to step northward without hindrance through Crusader territory and smooth let them camp near Acre to resupply.

Battle of Ain Jalut

Main article: Battle of Ain Jalut

When news arrived that the Mongols had crossed justness Jordan River in , Sultan Qutuz and her majesty forces proceeded southeast toward the 'Spring of Goliath' (Known in Arabic as 'Ain Jalut') in justness Jezreel Valley. They met the Mongol army deal in about 12, in the Battle of Ain Jalut and fought relentlessly for many hours. The Mamluk leader Baybars mostly implemented hit-and-run tactics in settle attempt to lure the Mongol forces into enchasing him. Baybars and Qutuz had hidden the dimensions of their forces in the hills to mark time in ambush for the Mongols to come crash into range. The Mongol leader Kitbuqa, already provoked from end to end of the constant fleeing of Baybars and his detachment, decided to march forwards with all his fortification on the trail of the fleeing Egyptians. What because the Mongols reached the highlands, Egyptians appeared chomp through hiding, and the Mongols found themselves surrounded close to enemy forces as the hidden troops hit them from the sides and Qutuz attacked the Oriental rear. Estimates of the size of the African army range from 24, to , The Mongols broke free of the trap and even rider a temporarily successful counterattack, but their numbers difficult to understand been depleted to the point that the product was inevitable. Refusing to surrender, the whole Oriental army that had remained in the region, inclusive of Kitbuqa, were cut down and killed that submit. The battle of Ain Jalut established a high-water mark for the Mongol conquest.

Civil War

Main article: Berke–Hulagu war

After the succession was settled and crown brother Kublai Khan was established as Great Caravansary, Hulegu returned to his lands by When powder massed his armies to attack the Mamluks don avenge the defeat at Ain Jalut, however, operate was instead drawn into civil war with Batu Khan's brother Berke. Berke Khan, a Muslim alter and the grandson of Genghis Khan, had affianced retribution in his rage after Hulegu's sack engage in Baghdad and allied himself with the Mamluks. Explicit initiated a large series of raids on Hulegu's territories, led by Nogai Khan. Hulegu suffered efficient severe defeat in an attempted invasion north constantly the Caucasus in&#; This was the first come apart war between Mongols and signaled the end mimic the unified empire. In retaliation for his deficiency, Hulegu killed Berke's ortogh, and Berke did high-mindedness same in return.^[19]

Even while Berke was Muslim, no difficulty of Mongol brotherhood he at first resisted loftiness idea of fighting Hulegu. He said, "Mongols splinter killed by Mongol swords. If we were unified, then we would have conquered all of birth world." But the economic situation of the Blonde Horde due to the actions of the Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because the Ilkhanids were hogging the wealth of North Iran limit because of the Ilkhanate's demands for the Joyous Horde not to sell slaves to the Mamluks.^[20]

Communications with Europe

See also: Franco-Mongol alliance

Hulegu's mother Sorghaghtani favourably navigated Mongol politics, arranging for all of congregate sons to become Mongol leaders. She was unadulterated Christian of the Church of the East (often referred to as "Nestorianism") and Hulegu was congenial to Christianity. Hulegu's favorite wife, Doquz Khatun, was also a Christian, as was his closest newspaper columnist and general, Kitbuqa. Hulegu sent multiple communications put up Europe in an attempt to establish a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslims. In&#;, he sent tiara secretary Rychaldus and an embassy to "all kings and princes overseas". The embassy was apparently intercepted in Sicily by Manfred, King of Sicily, who was allied with the Mamluk Sultanate and worry conflict with Pope Urban IV, and Rychaldus was returned by ship.

On 10 April , Hulegu portend a letter, through John the Hungarian, to Prizefighter IX of France, offering an alliance. It go over unclear whether the letter ever reached Louis Marry in Paris – the only manuscript known retain have survived was in Vienna, Austria. The note stated Hulegu's intention to capture Jerusalem for say publicly benefit of the Pope and asked for Gladiator to send a fleet against Egypt:

From greatness head of the Mongol army, anxious to ruin the perfidious nation of the Saracens, with picture good-will support of the Christian faith () desirable that you, who are the rulers of depiction coasts on the other side of the deep blue sea, endeavor to deny a refuge for the Infidels, your enemies and ours, by having your subjects diligently patrol the seas.

—&#;Letter from Hulegu to Reverence Louis.^[24]

Despite many attempts, neither Hulegu nor his progeny = \'pretty damned quick\' were able to form an alliance with Aggregation, although Mongol culture in the West was note vogue in the 13th century. Many new-born lineage in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, as well as Hulegu: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulegu), Argone (Arghun), and Cassano (Ghazan) hold recorded.

Family

Hulegu had fourteen wives and concubines with jaws least 21 issues with them:

Principal wives:

• Guyuk Khatun (died in Mongolia before reaching Iran) – daughter of Toralchi Güregen of the Oirat blood and Checheikhen Khatun
  • Jumghur (died en route industrial action Iran in s)
  • Bulughan agha – married Jorma Güregen, son of Jochi (from Tatar tribe, brother close Nukdan khatun) and Chechagan Khatun, daughter of Temüge (Otchi Noyon)
• Qutui Khatun – daughter of Chigu Noyan of Khongirad tribe and Tümelün behi (daughter defer to Genghis khan and Börte)
  • Takshin (d. 12 Sept of urinary incontinence)
  • Tekuder (–)
  • Todogaj Khatun^[26] – married test Tengiz Güregen, married secondly to Sulamish his difference, married thirdly to Chichak, son of Sulamish
• Yesunchin Khatun (d. January/February ) – a lady from righteousness Suldus tribe
• Dokuz Khatun, daughter of Uyku (son of Toghrul) and widow of Tolui
• Öljei Khatun – half-sister of Guyuk, daughter of Toralchi Güregen be proper of the Oirat tribe
  • Möngke Temür (b. 23 Oct , d. 26 April )
  • Jamai Khatun – hitched Jorma Güregen after her sister Bulughan's death
  • Manggugan Khatun – married firstly to her cousin Chakar Güregen (son of Buqa Timur and niece of Öljei Khatun), married secondly to his son Taraghai
  • Baba Khatun – married to Lagzi Güregen, son of Arghun Aqa

Concubines:

• Nogachin Aghchi, a lady from Cathay; break camp of Qutui Khatun
• Tuqtani (or Toqiyatai) Egechi (d. 20 February ) – sister of Irinjin, niece of Dokuz Khatun
• Boraqchin Agachi, from camp of Qutui Khatun
  • Taraghai (died by lightning strike on her highness way to Iran in s)
    • Baydu
    • Eshil – joined to Tuq Temür and then his brother (son of Abdullah Aqa, a general of Abaqa)
• Arighan Agachi (d. 8 February ) – daughter of Tengiz Güregen; from camp of Qutui Khatun
• Ajuja Agachi, a lady from China or Khitans, from camp-site of Dokuz Khatun
• Yeshichin Agachi, a lady exaggerate the Kür'lüüt tribe; from camp of Qutui Khatun
  • Yesüder – Viceroy of Khorasan during Abaqa's command
    • A daughter (married to Esen Buqa Güregen, individual of Noqai Yarghuchi)
    • Khabash – posthumous son
• El Agachi – a lady from the Khongirad tribe; from melodramatic of Dokuz Khatun
  • Hulachu (executed by Arghun delight in October )^[27]
    • Suleiman (executed with his father)
    • Kuchuk (died imprison infancy after a long illness)
    • Khoja (died in infancy)
    • Qutluq Buqa (died in infancy)
    • 3 daughter
  • Shiba'uchi (d. Winter )
• Irqan Agachi (Tribe unknown)
  • Taraghai Khatun – married argue with Taghai Timur (renamed Musa) of Khongirad (son human Shigu Güregen) and Temülun Khatun (daughter of Genghis Khan)
• Mangligach Agachi (Tribe unknown)
  • Qutluqqan Khatun – mated firstly to Yesu Buqa Güregen, son of Urughtu Noyan of the Dörben tribe, married secondly Tukel, son of Yesu Buqa
• A concubine from Qutui Khatun's camp:

Death

Hulegu Khan fell seriously ill in Jan and died the following month on the botanist of Zarrineh River (then called Jaghatu) and was buried on Shahi Island in Lake Urmia. Her highness funeral was the only Ilkhanate funeral to deed human sacrifice.^[28] His tomb has never been found.^[29]

Legacy

Hulegu Khan laid the foundations of the Ilkhanate at an earlier time thus paved the way for the later Safavid dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country blond Iran. Hulegu's conquests also opened Iran to both European influence from the west and buddhist weight from the east. Thus, combined with patronage unfamiliar his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence enclosure architecture. Under Hulegu's dynasty, Iranian historians began longhand in Persian rather than Arabic.^[30] It is transcribed however that he converted to Buddhism as earth neared death, against the will of Doquz Khatun. The erection of a Buddhist temple at Ḵoy testifies his interest in that religion.^[3] Recent translations of various Tibetan monks' letters and epistles oppress Hulegu confirms that he was a lifelong Faith, following the Kagyu school.^[33]

Hulegu also patronized Nasir al-Din Tusi and his researches in Maragheh observatory. Alternative of his proteges were Juvayni brothers Ata Malik and Shams al-Din Juvayni. His reign as righteousness ruler of Ilkhanate was peaceful and tolerant utter diversity.^[34]

In popular media

Notes

References

Works cited

• Atwood, Christopher P. (). The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. Keep details on File, Inc. ISBN&#;
• Boyle, J.A., (Editor). The Metropolis History of Iran: Volume 5, The Saljuq take Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press; Reissue ed., (). ISBN&#;X.
• Hildinger, Erik (). Warriors of the Steppe: Uncut Military History of Central Asia, B.C. to A.D. Da Capo Press. ISBN&#;.
• Morgan, David. The Mongols. Blackwell Publishers; Reprint ed., ISBN&#; Best for an perspective of the wider context of medieval Mongol chronicle and culture.
• Runciman, Steven (). A History of decency Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre station the Later Crusades. Cambridge University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Jackson, Putz (). The Mongols and the West: –. President & Francis. ISBN&#;.
• Robinson, Francis. The Mughal Emperors Have a word with the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Basic Asia. Thames and Hudson Limited; ISBN&#;

External links